= Dead Wood = === The Afterlife of Trees === === Ellen Wohl . PSUlib SD387.C63 W64 2022 === .p010 OSU old-growth [[ https://andrewsforest.oregonstate.edu/ | H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest ]] taught us value of dead wood in forests around 1980 .p011 Mark Harmon orst.edu emeritus 2001 "Moving towards a new paradigm for woody detritus management" [[ https://czo-archive.criticalzone.org/national/news/story/morticulture-forests-of-the-living-dead/ | morticulture ]] [[ https://www.nsf.gov/news/morticulture-forests-living-dead | NSF 2015 ]] .p024 Spruce seedling 8 inches tall in 10 years .p025 matures 300 years, 3 foot trunk, can live 600 years https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoecy .p025 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristem | meristematic ]] stem cells .p025 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem | xylem ]] water transport tissue .p025 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloem | phloem ]] nutrient transport tissue .p025 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_G._Haskell | David Haskell ]] [[https://wccls.bibliocommons.com/v2/search?custom_edit=false&query=title%3A(The%20Songs%20of%20Trees)&searchType=bl&suppress=true | The Songs of Trees ]] .p026 Youngest wood carries water and nutrients, .p026 inner bark and [[ https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Alburnum | sapwood ]] remains alive, dead still useful, heartwood structural, retards infections .p027 four sided [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fir#Leaves | needles ]] are leaves, connect at [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiole_(botany) | petiole ]] .p033 [[ https://enhttps://www.visitlongmont.org/listing/button-rock-preserve/19207/.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_creeper | Brown Creeper ]] resembles tree bark .p034 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuthatch#Nesting,_breeding_and_survival| nuthatch resin globules on nest entrance deter predators ]] .p043 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flammulated_owl | flammulated owls ]] .p046 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazil_ice | frazil ice ]] irregular submillimeter crystals .p048 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_trout | brook trout ]] with half-swallowed [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vole | vole ]] ( 8 to 23 cm long ) .p048 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyporheic_zone | hyporheic zone ]] sediment and porous space around steam, "river's liver .p050 wood in stream looks untidy, habitat for many organisms .p052 [[ https://enhttps://www.visitlongmont.org/listing/button-rock-preserve/19207/.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtail | Collembolans ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexapoda | hexapods ]]; not "insects" because mouthparts internal .p052 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_G._Haskell | David George Haskell ]] [[ https://wccls.bibliocommons.com/v2/record/S143C2831252 | The Song of Trees ]] .p95 rot is a detonation of possibility .p052 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clethrionomys | red backed voles ]] within fallen trees .p053 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrew | shrews ]] are [[ hthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoecytps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulipotyphla | Eulipotyphla ]] not [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent | rodents ]] .p053 (some!) shrews are venomous .p056 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuja_plicata | Western Redcedar ]] .p056 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queets_River | Queets River ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Peninsula | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Peninsula ]] .p057 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_fir | Douglas-fir ]] is [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinaceae | pine family ]] not true [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fir | fir ]] (hyphen is clue) .p057 "That's why scientists prefer Latin names. .p058 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magmatic_underplating#Underplating | Underplating ]] hydrated ocean crust melt under continental crust .p061 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive-sided_flycatcher | olive-sided flycatcher ]] aggressively defend 100 acre territories, chase away squirrels .p063 western redcedar vegling clones, no genetic diversity .p065 one example 17% of forest tree volume, 82% of root length .p067 cones at 10 years, male and female cones on different branches [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoecy | monoecious ]] .p067 In spring, black bears girdle trees to feed on phloem, one bear can girdle up to 70 trees per day .p067 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_beaver | mountain beavers ]] and [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcupine | porcupines ]] also girdle trees .p069 downed wood stores half the nitrogen and 60% of phosphorus in forest .p070 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobsacteria | Cyanobacteria ]] in [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphyte | epiphytic ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyte | bryophytes ]] capture more nitrogen then forest floor .p070 support tall PNW trees, greatest density of carbon .p072 Queets river forest canopy can accumulate 100K cu.yards of canopy organisms per acre, 62 feet thick .p072 upper canopy uses bird waste .p073 large trees can support 1100 pounds of bryophytes and 1000 pounds of ferns .p074 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbled_murrelet | marbled murrelets ]] nest in canopy lichens and moss .p075 ~20 inch [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pileated_woodpecker | pileated woodpeckers ]] nest in western redcedar rot cavities .p076 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagium | patagium membrane ]] between limbs of [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_flying_squirrel | Northern Flying Squirrels ]] .p077 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamander | salamanders ]][[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamander#Medical_research | regenerate ]] lost body parts, researchers hope to copy in humanshttps://www.visitlongmont.org/listing/button-rock-preserve/19207/ .p077 western redcedars can live 1000 years, floods topple them sooner (300y in example) .p083 fallen redcedars buried, eroded, float downstream .p084 river teeth: flattened, oblong hand-sized fragments of dead tree .p085 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfly | mayfly ]] larva resembles miniature scorpion .p085 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate | macroinvertebrates ]] as much as half of stream biomass .p086 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_dipper | ouzels ]] .p086 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolved_organic_carbon | labile carbon ]] in easily broken-down compounds .p087 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greywacke | graywacke stones ]] hard sandstone .p089 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talitridae | sandhoppers ]] sand-fleas [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophagy| xylophage ]] eat wood .p093 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gribble | gibbles ]] bore into wood .p093 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus_balsamifera | Balsam poplar ]] farthest north deciduous tree in North America .p093 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peopling_of_the_Americas#Interior_route | ice free corridor ]] between eastern [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentide_ice_sheet | Laurentide ]] and western [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordilleran_ice_sheet | Cordilleran ]] ice sheets .p096 poplar seeding leaves expand in 24 hours, a dozen leaves by end of summer, 2 inches tall .p098 browsing moose can break 2 inch stems .p099 alder/bacteria symbiotes fix nitrogen, "eat bedrock" for calcium and phosphorus .p102 across river meanders, tree ages vary by 50 years .p102 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea_engelmannii | Engelmann spruce ]] or white/mountain/silver spruce .p105 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_martin | bank swallows ]] 89% decline since 1970 .p105 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-bellied_sapsucker | Yellow-bellied sapsuckers ]] prefer [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus_nigra | Black poplar ]] nesting cavities . "crimson-crowned" better description of bird .p109 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Liard | Fort Liard ]] trading post .p110 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackenzie_River | Mackenzie river ]] massive wood flood every 20 to 30 years .p111 Beavers slap tails on water near lodge to sound alarm .p112 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liard_River#Features | Grand Canyon of the Liard ]] .p115 Indigenes used driftwood and celebrated its appearance .p120 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Good_Hope | Fort Good Hope ]] .p122 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo | pingo ]] ice-cored hill 3-70 meters high .p125 eroding arctic permafrost releasesn much CO2 .p126 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_Not_Taken | The Road Not Taken ]] by Robert Frost .p126 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_Gyre | Beaufort Gyre ]] .p127 losing thick opaque ice .p127 few species of all marine fungi cataloged by scientists .p128 driftwood can raft and drop stones into deep sea sediments along with driftood organisms that survive in the depths .p129 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcelain_crab | Porcelain crabs ]] in deep sea eat wood and biofilm .p129 not yet studied in Arctic .p130 sunken -wood communities studied by [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_expedition | Challenger expedition ]] 1872–1876 .p131 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin#Biodegradation | Lignin ]] difficult to degrade, sunken logs persist .p131 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipuncula | peanut worms ]] .p132 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagfish | hagfish ]] carbon from land .p132 woodfalls on seafloor rarely discovered .p132 Taiwan [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Morakot | Typhoon Morakot ]] washed millions of tons of trees into sea .p133 Oregon driftwood logs reach [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands | Marshall Islands ]] .p133 driftwood removed from [[ https://www.visitlongmont.org/listing/button-rock-preserve/19207/ | Ralph Price Reservoir ]] in Colorado .p133 58,000 dams severe reduction in wood supply to oceans .p134 [[ https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=sediment%20cascade | sediment cascade ]] .p134 no one measures wood transport in rivers .p135 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empetrum_nigrum| crowberry ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearberry | bearberry ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geum_rossii | Ross' avens ]]