== The End of Plagues == . [[ https://curiousmindsagency.com/john-rhodes | John Rhodes Cambridge UK ]] === Multco Central . 362.19691 R476e . 2013 === . Forward by [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sykes_(microbiologist) | Sir Richard Sykes ]] .p001 Introduction ---- .p005 '''Ch01 . The Power of the Invisible''' .p006 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plague | Bubonic plague ]] killed 1/3 of European population between 1348 and 1350 .p006 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London | Great Plague of London ]] 1665-1666 .p008 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_V | Ramses V ]] died of smallpox in "1157 BC" (wp 1144 BC) ---- .p011 '''Ch02 . Circassian Beauties and Pioneering Women''' .p012 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox | Variola major ]] mutated from [[ https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/history.html | Variola minor ]] between 400 and 1600 years ago .p013 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Mary_Wortley_Montagu | Lady Mary Wortley Montagu née Pierrepont ]] smallpox at 26, championed variolation .p014 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassian_beauty | Circassian beauty ]] .p014 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variolation | variolation ]] .p017 Scottish surgeon [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maitland_(physician) | Charles Maitland ]] innoculated Newgate prisoners in 1722, all survived and were pardoned .p018 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Mather | Cotton Mather ]] learned of variolation from slave [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onesimus_(Bostonian) | Onesimus ]] .p019 Boston doctor Zabdiel Boylston innoculed 242 people during 1721 smallpox outbreak .p019 smallpox mortality 10% to 30% .p019 variolation morality 17 out of 897, 2% .p020 French medical establishment opposed, [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire | Voltaire ]] in favor .p020 Dr. Robert Sutton improved procedure, son Daniel Sutton inoculated 40,000 with 5 deaths .p021 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dimsdale | Thomas Dimsdale ]] .p021 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great | Catherine the Great ]] innoculated by [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dimsdale | Thomas Dimsdale, ]] rewarded with "Baron of the Russian Empire" ---- .p023 '''Ch03 . The Making of Jenner''' .p023 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Jenner | Edward Jenner ]] .p024 Jenner lodged with surgeon [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunter_(surgeon) | John Hunter ]] .p026 Jenner found foreign seed in birds, evidence for bird migration .p026 Jenner observed newly hatched cuckoos push other chicks and eggs out of nest .p027 observed narrowing and [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcification | calcification ]] in coronary arteries of [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcification | angina patients ]] .p028 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775) | 1775 siege of Quebec ]] failed when half of the colonial force was infected ---- .p029 '''Ch04 Why Not Try the Experiment?''' .p030 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowpox | Cowpox ]] protective against smallpox, dismissed by most doctors, tested by Jenner .p031 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paravaccinia_virus | pseudocowpox ]] common, pustules different than cowpox .p031 True cowpox-infected milkmaid Sarah Nelmes source of pustule, [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Gloucester | Gloster cow ]] Blossom .p032 Jenner used "virus" meaning poison or contagion .p033 Gardener's son [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Phipps | James Phipps ]] first innoculated 1796 May 14 . mild symptoms for 9 days. Very small reaction to variolation, similar to those already exposed and immune .p034 farmer [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Jesty | Benjamin Jesty ]] did the same experiment in 1774, scorned, vindicated in 1805 ---- .p037 '''Ch05 The Fourth Achievement''' .p038 Jenner publishes [[ https://curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/contagion/catalog/36-990065830920203941 | An Inquiry into the Causes and Effect of the Variolae Vaccinae ... ]] 1798 .p039 James Pearson, hysician at St. George's Hospital .p043 unlike variolation, cowpox vaccination was not infectious to others .p044 Parliament awards Jenner ₤10,000 as sole discoverer of vaccination ---- .p047 '''Ch06 The Foundling Voyages''' .p047 1808 National Vaccine Institute, ₤20,000 awarded to Jenner .p049 Napoleon ordered 100K francs spent to promote vaccination .p049 1815 (year of Waterloo battle), French Academy's poetry competition was "Edward Jenner and Vaccination" .p049 1805 Napoleon releases two imprisoned British scientists at Jenner's request .p050 vaccination spreads to Latin America, then the Phillipines .p053 1800 letter to Thomas Jefferson, Monticello vaccinated by August 1801, Virginia, DC, and Philadelphia by year's end ---- .p055 '''Ch07 The Teeming Humanity of Nations''' .p057 Vaccination did not reach Tibet until the 1940s .p058 Japanese emperor/Mikado and wife vaccinated in 1875, mandatory nationwide in 1885 .p059 immunity wanes; today boosters at 3 to 10 year intervals .p059 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination_Act | Vaccination Act 1840 ]] ---- .p065 '''Ch08 A Great and Loud Commotion''' .p065 glycerol and phenol added to vaccines eliminated risk of bacterial infection from vaccines .p066 Smallpox 1/5 chance of death; 1896 vaccines 1/14,000 chance of death lead to antivaccination resentment . [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace | Alfred Russell Wallace ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw | George Bernard Shaw ]] .p069 Routine vaccination ended 1971 in Britain ---- .p071 '''Ch09 Completing the Picture''' .Jenner promotes vaccination for the rest of his life, but uncomfortable in London .p074 mild stroke age 70, another age 73. died 1823 January 26 ---- .p077 '''Ch10 Germ Theory and the Birth of Immunology''' .p078 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Fracastoro | Girolamo Fracastoro ]] 1546 theorized [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomite | fomites ]] .p079 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek | Antoni van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723 ]] and [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer | Jan Vermeer 1632-1675 ]] lived nearby in Delft .p080 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Boerhaave | Herman Boerhaave ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur | Louis Pasteur ]] .p081 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Ivanovsky | Dimitri Ivanovsky ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_Beijerinck | Martinus Beijerinck ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelchi_Negri | Adelchi Negri ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley | Wendell Stanley ]] .p082 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_von_Behring | Emil von Behring ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitasato_Shibasabur%C5%8D | Kitasato Shibasaburō ]] .p083 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich | Paul Ehrlich ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Roux | Emile Roux ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Yersin | Alexandre Yersin ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow | Rudolf Virchow ]] .p084 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff | Élie Metchnikoff ]] .p085 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Friedrich_Johannes_Pfeiffer | Richard Pfeiffer ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch | Robert Koch ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_Davaine | Casimer Davaine ]] .p086 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Cohn | Ferdinand Cohn ]] .p087 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Haurowitz | Felix Haurowitz ]] Friedrich Breinl (1888-1936 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Pauling | Linus Pauling ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet | Frank Macfarlane Burnet ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne | Niels Jerne ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Medawar | Peter Medewar ]] ---- .p089 '''Ch11 Victorious Weapons against Illness and Death''' .p090 Jenner statue removed from Britannia's Victory Square . 1861 Punch Magazine: .''England's ingratitude still blots'' .''The escutcheon of the brave and free;'' .''I saved you many million spots'' .''And now you grudge one spot for me.'' .p090 Moved to Kensington. Author Rhodes says "this is a better place for a man raised in the tranquil Vale of Severn and who was never at home in London. .p091 Arm-to-arm vaccination no longer used in Europe by 1900, vaccine production in calves instead .p091 Vaccines against cholera, typhoid, and plague before 1900 .p091 biochemistry term in 1903 .p091 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Sumner | James Sumner ]] isolates, purifies, and crystallizes [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urease | urease enzyme ]] .p092 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats | John Keats ]] trained as a surgeon and apothecary .p092 Keats lost his mother and brother Tom to tuberculosis, led to 1819 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ode_to_a_Nightingale | Ode to a Nightingale ]] .p093 Keats died of tuberculosis February 1821 .p094 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch | Robert Koch ]] identified [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis | the M. tuberculosis bacteria ]] in 1882 .p095 bacteriologist [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Calmette | Albert Calmette 1863-1933 ]] and veterinarian [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Gu%C3%A9rin | Camille Guerine 1872-1961 ]] .p095 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture_(biology) | passaging ]] (pronounced pas''arg''ing) [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis | tuberculosis ]] bacteria 1908 until 1919 .p095 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine | Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine ]] tested in humans 1921, 500K infants safely vaccinated .p095 240 babies vaccinated in Lübeck, all developed acute tuberculosis, 72 died .p096 Lübeck BCG contaminated with virulent bacillus grown in the same incubator .p098 six-needle [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaf_test | Heaf gun ]] .p098 ~1/3 of world population has TB, latent for many .p098 a better vaccine than BG sorely needed ---- .p101 '''Ch12 First Light on the Mystery of Infantile Paralysis''' .p102 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner | Karl Landsteiner ]] identified cause of polio .p102 severe polio rare in poor hygiene communities, babies exposed while protected by antibodies in mother's milk .p103 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Flexner | Simon Flexner ]] and [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sabin | Albert Sabin ]] at Rockefeller Institute in NYC .p104 Franklin Roosevelt contracted polio at a 1921 Boy Scout jamboree, kept secret for life .p104 Many new "polios" at [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm_Springs_Historic_District | Warm Springs Resort ]] in Georgia, Roosevelt arranges separation for convalescents .p106 radios (battery or wallplug) everywhere in 1938 US, [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Dimes | March of Dimes ]] .p106 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Brodie | Brodie ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hallock_Park | Park ]] 1935 vaccine against polio, inactivation incomplete, some vaccine-related infections .p107 gastrointestinal virus in humans, only 1% of infections enter the nervous system .plate 8 Painting of first meeting of the Medical Society of London 1800, with Jenner's image added later ---- .p109 '''Ch13 Yearning to Breath Free''' .p112 virologist [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Milton_Rivers | Thomas Rivers ]] led Rockefeller Institute .p114 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_M._Horstmann | Dorothy Horstmann ]] at Yale '''orally''' infected monkeys with polio .p114 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk | Jonas Salk ]] discovered three serotypes of polio using 17000 monkeys .p115 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Morgan | Isabel Morgan ]] developed a formalin-inactivated-virus vaccine .p116 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski | Hilary Koprowski ]] tested attenuated live virus vaccines on institutionalized children .p117 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio#Bulbar_polio | bulbar polio ]] invades cranial nerves that control breathing .p118 Jonas Salk matriculated to NYU College of medicine, which did not enforce quotas on Jewish studentts .p119 Salk's 1940's activism against facism and inequality led to future attacks .p120 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_This_Furnace | Out of This Furnace ]] novel about steelworker unionization .p120 Salk's lab majority funding for Pittsburg Medical School, test monkey expense ---- .p123 '''Ch14 A Great Step Forward''' .p123 fearsome [[ https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object/nmah_874829 | Mahoney strain ]] of Salk polio vaccine .p124 [[ https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/PA-01-VE11 | Polk School for the Retarded and Feeble Minded ]] .p124 Salk worried, prior vaccines were "not happy", but his was safe and produced good antibody levels. .p126 next, large-scale vaccine trial .p127 Sabin claimed Salk vaccine not ready for large trial, current infection rates low, a double-blind trial required 500K children for statistically significant results .p128 socialist medicine dreaded, so no federal or public money involved .p128 April 4, 1954 news of pathenogenic vaccine batches, testing increased to triple safety checks and 11 consecutive clean lots before any lots passed .p129 Vaccine Evaluation Center in Ann Arbor ca. 1955 .p130 newly created [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services#Department_of_Health,_Education,_and_Welfare | Department of Health, Education, and Welfare ]] .p131 Salk said "There is no patent. Could you patent the sun?" .p132 four polio cases in Idaho, Salk vaccine from [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutter_Laboratories#Cutter_incident | Cutter Laboratories ]] .p133 Cutter problem: clumps of virus in test tube sediment, not inactivated, low quality filters with larger pores . modern techniques prevent sedimentation and use better filters .p133 Sabin tests at [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chillicothe_Correctional_Institution | Chillicothe Federal Prison ]] .incentive $25 and slight sentence reduction, "bored prisoners probably would participate for free" .KL but how would prisoner attitude skew the results, with or without incentives? .p134 Sabin's attenuated viruses grew naturally, stimulated more immune defense than Salk's killed vaccine .p134 1959, Russia also produced and used Sabin vaccine without mock vaccination or observer controls .p136 Salk three injection course unpopular, September 1961 HEW chose Sabin vaccine, large scale vaccination in 1962. .p136 Last US indigenous case of polio in 1979 .p136 Salk said he wouldn't have membership in Salk Institute the if he hadn't founded it himself .p137 Sabin live-polio vaccine reverts to virulence and causes paralytic polio in 1 of 2.4M vaccine recipients .p138 First March of Dimes poster child Donald Anderson from Oregon (died 2014 at age of 73) .p138 Andrew Wyeth 1948 painting [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina's_World | Christina's World ]] is of neighbor Anna Christina Olsen (May 3, 1893 – January 27, 1968) ---- .p139 '''Ch15 Great Themes and Dirty Little Secrets''' .p140 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex | major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ]] found on all cell surfaces in body .p141 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunologic_adjuvant | Adjuvants ]] plus microbe protein fragments .p142 triggers both the innate and adaptive immune system ---- .p143 '''Ch16 The War on Influenza''' .p143 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes | Herpes virus ]] hides in nerves, emerges as cold sores on skin .p143 Immune [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_system | complement system ]] add to adaptive immune system .p145 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Jr. | Thomas Francis Jr. ]] Salk's mentor .p145 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu | 1918 influenza ]] first case Albert Gitchell(WP) Mitchell(book) at Camp Funston KS .p146 perhaps 1915-1916 in France? .p146 perhaps after 1916-1917 Battle of the Somme, soldiers at Étaples camp turned blue and died .p146 similar outbreak two months later at Aldershot camp in England .p148 October 1918, 195,000 died of influenza in the United States .p148 Estimated 50 million killed worldwide .p149 1997 samples from Brevig Alaska permafrost grave yielded virus and complete genome [[ https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2504709/pdf/nihms-54784.pdf | Taubenberger 2008 ]] [[ https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/scitranslmed.aau5485| Taubenberger 2019 ]] .p150 New live vaccines only grow in nose and throat, at temperatures lower than 25C, destroyed by warmer lung temperatures .KL unless they mutate and adapt :-( .p150 Universal vaccine for all flu types that attack hidden region of H spike shared by all subtypes .KL unless that region mutates and adapts :-( .p152 March 1947 Eugene Le Bar dies of atypical smallpox ---- .p151 '''Ch17 Forged in the Crucible of War''' .p152 March 1947 Eugene Le Bar dies of atypical smallpox .p153 12 other cases emerge - HUGE response, 6 million vaccination .p153 vaccination blamed for other illnesses .p154 no more cases beyond the first 12 .p154 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Soper | Dr. Fred Soper ]], hemisphere wide campaign to eradicate smallpox .p154 May 1958 Soviet deputy minister of health [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Zhdanov | Viktor Zhdanov ]] concurred .p155 WHO global [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox#Eradication | Eradication ]] campaign began February 1966 .p155 African and Asian surveys revealed that less than 5% of smallpox cases officially reported .p155 not 130K but 2.5M cases, more than 200M doses needed .p157 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Foege | William Foege ]] ---- .p139 '''Ch18 Smallpox in a Land of Ancient Wisdom''' .p160 Smallpox campaigns missed inaccessible rural populations, instead revaccinated closer people .p160 In 1967, 83,000 cases reported, only 10% of real total .p160 1968 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifurcated_needle | forked needle ]] repurposed by [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.A._Henderson | Donald Henderson ]] .p161 surveillance-containment instead of passive waiting for patient reporting .p162 manpower costly; 5000 new cases in Bihar required 50,000 to deal with them .p162 un-vaccinated children attending funeral at friend's home all develop smallpox ten days later .p163 Smiling Buddha nuclear test complicates US response .p164 villager says: when house catches fire, use all water on that, don't waste time on other houses .p166 villager resistance to vaccination replaced by cordial hospitality .p166 May 24 1975 last reported case in town of [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karimganj | Karimganj ]] (book spells this Kar'''amin'''ganj) ---- .p167 '''Ch19 The Final Defeat of Smallpox''' . campaign in Bangladesh, stymied by Bengali authorities .p168 Dhaka slums bulldozed, 400K people spread across country, many infected with smallpox .p168 side comment: Bangladesh [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhola_Island | Bhola Island ]] partly inundated by sea level rise, 500,000 now homeless. world's first climate change refugees .p169 More than half of Ethiopians live more than a day's journey from any road. [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox#Variola_minor | Variola minor ]] was endemic .p172 1976 smallpox outbreak in [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Maow_Maalin | Somalia ]] ---- .p173 '''Ch20 Invisible Weapons of War''' .p176 Biopreparat still worked on weaponized smallpox in 1992 .p176 former director Kanatjan Alibekov defected to the west and revealed that former researchers sold samples to rogue states .p177 Some herpes? [[ https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0403600101 | antivirals effective against smallpox: tecovirimat / Tpoxx (for orthoviruses), brincidofovir / Texemba (for smallpox), and cidofovir / Vistide (for cytomegalovirus) ]] .p177 smallpox vaccine propagated in cows. ???The vaccine used in the eradication campaign is not smallpox??? .what does that mean? .p178 vaccinia may have originated from horsepox .p178 housecats most often infects human owners with '''this historic virus''' (presumably cowpox) ---- .p179 '''Ch21 Benefits, Risks, and Fears''' .p179 Arthur Allen, ''Vaccine: The Controversial History of Medicine's Greatest Lifesaver'', 2007 (WCCLS, Forest Grove) .p183 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman | Maurice Hillman ]] "rational empiricism", informally ''guts and guesses'' .p185 GlaxoSmithKline vaccine for infant diarrhea established(?) in Brazil and Mexico where need was high .p186 "Pertussis" name for whooping cough vaccine, bacterium "Bordella pertussis" .p186 pertussis component of [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPT_vaccine | DTP vaccine ]] causes problems .p187 poorly understood adjuvants may have been responsible past for vaccine damage .p187 Yuji Sato 1981 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTaP-IPV-HepB_vaccine | DTaP ]], though cheaper DTP is still used .p188 no population-level association between MMR and autism, not enough precision to detect rare events .p188 treatment of unrecognized intestinal problems may help developmentally disabled children .p189 Antivaccine groups continued blaming thimerosal long after it was removed from children's vaccines .p189 six ways vaccines can cause harm: . Killed vaccines may be contaminated with live vaccinal virus . vaccines may carry hidden passenger viruses . components of vaccines may provoke adverse reactions . live attenuated viruses may (in a tiny minority) cause the disease they are intended to prevent . vaccines may simply be ineffective, or unwanted by those compelled to receive them . otherwise safe vaccines my overwhelm weakened immune systems of the immunocompromised ---- .p191 '''Ch22 Inspiration in the Global Village''' .p193 providing vaccines to the neediest one of the greatest challenges .p194 Immune responses triggered by HIV help the infection, because the virus resides in immune cells .p195 pathogens (like HIV and malaria) that change their antigens are difficult vaccine targets .p195 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenoviridae | adenovirus ]] carrier for HIV vaccine proteins .p196 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine?wprov=srpw1_0#Heterologous_prime-boost_vaccination | heterologous prime-boost regimen ]] .p196 A sporozoite is the cell form that infects new hosts. .p196 Newborns are protected by maternal antibodies in breast milk .p198 malaria sporozoites synthesized in yeast may be used in vaccines against African malaria .p198 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Polio_Eradication_Initiative | Global Polio Eradication Initiative ]] GEPI, type 2 already eliminated. ---- .p199 '''Ch23 A Team of Many Colors''' .p200 prebendary customs: in some cultures, elected officials believe they own a personal share of government revenues .p201 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo | Olusegun Obasanjo ]] targeted polio .muslims in other areas assumed conspiracy because malaria, cholera, diarrheal vaccines were expensive .p203 stories of turnaround and trust in Africa .p204 [[ https://polioeradication.org/what-we-do/supplementary-immunization/ | Supplemental Immunization Activities ]] .vaccines to every household, even if past vaccinations, .p206 High energy xray imaging of viruses helps design synthetic shells empty of genetic material .p206 polio 99% eradicated, 2.5 billion children vaccinated .p209 Central Africa at high risk because 10 million nomads migrate through northern Nigeria and its neighbors .p213 China polio-free after 1994?1999, new case appeared in 2011 in southern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous region. .public health emergency declared, 5 million vaccine doses airlifted, 500,000 volunteers went house to house vaccinating everyone. ---- .p215 '''Ch24 The Milkmaid and the Cuckoo''' .p215 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Library | 1933 Cambridge University Library ]] .p216 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Heine| Jakov Heine ]] first described polio in 1840 .p216 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine | Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine ]] for tuberculosis, second vaccine from cows