= The Idea of the Muslim World =
== Cemil Aydin, Central, 909.09767 A975i 2017 ==
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Before 1800, Muslim solidarity was impotent.  Muslim rulers in India, Africa, the Middle East, and elsewhere made treaties and allegances for political gain, not shared religion.  pan-Islamism emerged as a reaction to Russian pan-Slavism in the Balkans in the 1880s, and anti-Islam statements by Gladstone supporting Balkan secession.  Mostly racism and the reaction to racism.

I did not have time to finish this book.  The impression I get is that Islam, like Christianity and Hinduism, is corrupted by mixture with politics.