.http://http://wiki.keithl.com/PandorasLab == Pandora's Lab == === Seven Stories of Science Gone Wrong === . Paul A. Offit, M.D. . 2017 . 500 OFFIT 2017 . Hillsboro Library ---- .'''p001 Introduction''' ---- .'''p015 Chapter 1 - God's Own Medicine''' .p016 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noscapine | alpha-narcotine ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaverine| papaverine ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebaine | thebaine ]] .p022 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Wood_(physician) | Alexander Wood ]] invented [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermic_needle | first hypodermic needle 1853 ]] to administer morphine (rather than orally), believed that injection would "cure the appetite" for morphine addiction. ."Pandora" repeats myth that morphine overdose injection killed his wife, who actually outlived him by 10 years. .p024 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Dreser | Heinrich Dreser ]] responsible for [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin | aspirin ]] and [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin | heroin ]] and [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeine | codeine ]] at [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer | Bayer AG ]] .p025 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company| Eli Lilly ]] "safe" heroin distributed over-the-counter without prescription in the US in 1900, JAMA "standard of care" in 1906 .p025 1906 JAMA: heroin standard of care for many respiratory ailments; by 1910 doctors aware of addiction, use declined .p027 next, [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebaine | thebaine ]] a different opium compound. [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxycodone | oxycodone ]] the synthetic form in 1916, .p028 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_Pharma | Purdue ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxycodone | OxyContin ]] time release tablet releases immediate addictive dose if chewed ---- .'''p041 Chapter 2 - The Great Margarine Mistake''' .p043 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancel_Keys | Ancel Keys ]] urged fat restriction .po44 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Nutrition_and_Human_Needs | 1977 McGovern report ]] food guidelines authored by [[ https://www.commondreams.org/author/nick-motter | Nick Mottern ]] non-scientist reporter .p048 The 1977 report confla ted unhealthy [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fat | saturated fats ]] with healthy, essential [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsaturated_fat | unsaturated fats ]] (some double bonds between carbons) .p050 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarine | margarine ]] unhealthy [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_fat | trans-fats ]] . [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat | Monounsaturated fat ]] healthiest; olive oil, algal oil, and omega-3 fatty acids .p051 Cis-unsaturated fats (two adjacent "missing" hydrogens at a double carbon bond) are liquids because the molecules bend and don't stack into a solid .p052 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_fat | Trans fat ]] molecules straight and unhealthy .p053 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisco | Crisco ]] '''Crys'''talized '''co'''ttonseed oil, hydrogenated .p054 [[ https://www.cspi.org/ | CSPI ]] Center for Science in the Public Interest .p054 and NHSA(?) pushed trans-fats as a healthy alternative .p055 replacing trans-fats with other unsaturated fats reduced heart disease by 33% (or 53%) .p056 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_low-density_lipoprotein | vLDL ]] worse than [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein | LDL ]], [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-density_lipoprotein | HDL ]] best .p056 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Additives_Amendment_of_1958 | Food and Additives Amendment ]] grandfathered pre-1958 foods, [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine | Institute of Medicine ]] petitioned transfat removal in 1994 .p057 Harvard nutritionist [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Willett | Walter Willett ]] recommended margarine in 1980s, "sending them to their graves prematurely" .p057 2006 FDA required trans-fats on nutrition labels .p058 products with less than 0.5g transfat can claim 0g transfat on the nutrition label .p058 avoid "partially hydrogenated vegetable oil on nutrition label .p059 "Welsh study showed exactly the opposite" (that trans-fat was bad) ---- .'''p061 Chapter 3 - Blood From Air''' .p062 farming without artificial fertilizer feeds less than 4 billion people. .p063 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber | Fritz Haber ]] 1868-1934 .p066 1912 Germany imported 900,000 tonnes of nitrates, mohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIVstly from Chile, potential naval blockade .p067 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe_Institute_of_Technology | University of Karlsruhe ]] and [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASF | BASF ]], more German Nobel Prizes .p068 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_bond | N₂ triple bond ]] "strongest in nature" 945 kJ/mol (natural carbon monoxide 1072 kJ/mol is 50-100 ppb) .p070 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Le_Rossignol | Robert Le Rossignol ]] engineered first tabletop "Haber" process .p071 Output increase from 0.005% to 8% "logarithmically better" oopsie, should be "exponentially better" .p071 Industrial scaleup by [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Bosch | Carl Bosch ]], founder of [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IG_Farben | IG Farben ]] .p072 by 1911, 8000 pounds of ammonia per day .p072 1913 [[ https://www.basf.com/global/en/who-we-are/history/chronology/1902-1924/1913 | Oppau ]] plant produced 60,000 tons of ammonia per year .p073 "Today" 130 million tons of nitrogen fertilizer .p074 [[ https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3994/3/3/26 | Ammonia Production Plants—A Review ]] .p074 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_production#Production_plants | M.W. Kellogg ]] 1960s most efficient ammonia manufacturing .p074 Chinese obesity, 30% of Beijing overweight .p075 Donaldson Louisiana largest nitrogen producing plant, 8 million tonnes per year .p075 [[ https://www.ucs.org/about/news/nitrogen-farms-cause-24-billion-gulf-dead-zone-damage | dead zone ]] in Gulf of Mexico larger than New Jersey .p076 excess nitrogen also from food animal manure .p077 1914 Germany invaded neutral Belgium, Haber and 90+ other German scientists signed manifesto defending the war .p078 1915 Haber produces 150 T/day ammonium nitrate explosive .p078 1917 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuna_works | Leuna plant ]] produced 240,000 T/y .p079 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer | Speer: ]] If Allies had focused on destroying Leuna plant, WWII could have ended in eight weeks .p081 1916, Haber chief of Chemical Warfare Service, 2000 scientists .p081 chlorine gas, immediate death, heavier than air and spreads down into trenches .p081 violation of 1907 [[ h ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907 | Hague Convention ]], signed by Germany .p082 Haber releases 150 tonnes of chlorine near 1915 Ypres, witnessed by future Nobel Prize winners [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hahn | Otto Hahn, ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz | Gustav Hertz, ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Franck | Jhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIVames Franck, ]] and [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Geiger | Hans Geiger ]] .p083 Haber's chemist wife [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Immerwahr | Clara, ]] first Phd for German woman, suicide 1915 after Fritz superv[[ | ]]ises chemical weapon attack .p084 Haber's son Hermann 1946 Nov 9 suicide in Watertown NY age 44. Hermann's daughter Claire researched antidote for chlorine gas, also committed suicide .p085 Fritz Haber also produced [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosgene | phosgene ]] and [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_gas | mustard gas ]] for warfare .p086 more than 1M disabled and 26K killed by WW1 chemical weapons .p086 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles | Treaty of Versailles ]] also forbid chemical weapons .p087 Haber exported them, calling his production "oil and refinery plants" .p088 Jewish ancestry Haber forced to resign after Hitler .p090 Carl Bosch died 1940, depression and alcoholism .p091 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann | Chaim Weizmann ]] meets exiled Haber in Switzerland .p092 Haber dies 1934, buried in Basel Switzerland .p093 Haber also developed [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zyklon_B | Zyklon ]] as a pesticide .p094 Several Haber relatives murdered with Zyklon B at Auschwitz and Treblinka ---- .'''p097 Chapter 4 America's Master Race''' .p097 ''contra'' Trump, first generation Mexican immigrants commit fewer crimes than native-born Americans .p098 immigrants come to work, stay out of trouble to avoid deportation .p098 anti-immigrant [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Cruz | Ted Cruz ]] son of 1957 Cuban immigrant .p100 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Galton | Francis Galton ]] 1869 book [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_Genius | Hereditary Genius ]], called his plan [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics | eugenics ]] .p101 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Davenport | Charles Davenport ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory | Cold Springs Harbor ]] .p103 antisocial traits not determined by genetics .p104 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics_Record_Office | Eugenics Record Office ]] supported by (p104) [[ http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/ | Carnegie Foundation, ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Institute_of_Government | Rockefeller Institute, ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Williamson_Harriman | Mrs E. H. Harriman, ]] and [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eastman | George Eastman ]] .p105 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Sanger| Margaret Sanger ]] connected woman's right to choose with eugenics, "human weeds to be exterminated" .p105 also [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvey_Kellogg | John Harvey Kellogg ]] and [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw | George Bernard Shaw ]] .p107 US banned marriages: Alcoholics 4 states, epileptics 17, mentally ill 41, most in world until declared unconstitutional in 1967 .p107 1917 film [[ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0160056/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0_tt_7_nm_1_in_0_q_Black%20Stork | The Black Stork ]] about "defective" baby allowed to die .p108 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Buck | Carrie Buck ]] b1906 .p109 forcibly sterilized 1927 for promiscuity and feeble mind .p111 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Grant | Madison Grant ]] 1916 pseudoscience book [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Passing_of_the_Great_Race | Passing of the Great Race ]] .p112 Grant also conservationist; designed zoos, 8 million acres of national parks incl. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwood_National_and_State_Parks | Redwood National Park ]] .p116 Grant claimed a.ll great men were Nordics, even King David and Jesus .p118 geneticist [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan | Thomas Hunt Morgan ]] 1933 Nobel Prize, said only one "human" race. .p121 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Garvey | Marcus Garvey ]] also preached against assimilation, [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement | back to Africa ]] .p121 "... Great Race" and other American eugenics books inspired Hitler .p122 listed as essential Nazi Party reading .p122 Davenport, Grant, [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Galton | Francis Galton ]], [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_H._Laughlin| Harry Laughlin ]], and Hitler all believed only Nordics should procreate, all were childless .p123 1935 [[ https://en.wikip[[ | ]]edia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws | Nuremberg Laws ]] praised by Eugenics Records Office .p124 Editorials in [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAMA | JAMA ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Public_Health | American Journal of Public Health, ]] and [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine | NEJM ]] supported Hitler's eugenics efforts .p124 anthropologist [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otmar_Freiherr_von_Verschuer | Dr. Otmar Freiherr von Vershuer ]] .p125 protege [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Mengele | Dr. Josef Mengele ]] .p125 500 pairs of twins, Mengele's children .p127 Only 200 of 3000 children survived Mengele, no recognizable information was obtained .p128 Hational Park director [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Wayne_Murphy | Donald Murphy:]] . "Harmony among peoples comes from true principles and attitudes of the present, not from purging the past." .p129 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Hellman | Lillian Hellman: ]] "I cannot and will not cut my conscience to fit this year's fashions." ---- .'''p131 Chapter 5 - Turning the Mind Inside Out''' .p132 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Dahmer | Jeffrey Dahmer ]] 1992 guilty of 15 counts of murder, 1994 beaten to death by fellow inmate .p132 Portuguese neurologist [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz| Egas Moniz ]] 1935 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobotomy | lobotomy ]] .p134 20 more patients and many elsewhere .p135 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Gage | Phineas Gage ]] 1848 frontal lobe destroyed, behavior and personality damaged .p136 Moniz 1949 Nobel Prize, despite objections .p146 Lobotomies survived through early 1970s because (1) desperation (2) full mental hospitals (3) hospitals hideous .p147 Lobotomies weren't much worse than treatments like electroshock .p147 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg | Julius Wagner ]] 1917 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria_therapy | malaria therapy ]] .p148 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis | syphilis ]] spirochetes killed by high temperatures of fever .p148 some Americans go to Mexico for malaria therapy to cure (imaginary) chronic [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease | Lyme disease ]] .p148 [[ https://en.w.ikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Sakel | Manfred Sakel ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_shock_therapy | insulin shock therapy ]] .p148 Typical comas one or two months, many died .p149 lobotomies "the therapies of despair" .p150 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Jackson_Freeman_II | Walter Freeman ]] "drive through lobotomies" .p151 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Allegheny_Lunatic_Asylum | Weston State Hospital ]] 228 patients in 12 days, 22 operations in 135 minutes .p152 25% of patients "surgically induced childhood", permanently institutionalized,some had 2nd and 3rd lobotomies .p152 patients "adjusting to level of domestic invalid or household pet" .p153 3% died of bleeding, 3% permanent seizures, 2 of 11 children died from cerebral hemmorrhages .p153 Yale's [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Farquhar_Fulton | John Fulton ]] "Why not use a shotgun? It would be quicker!" .p153 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Association | AMA ]] and [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association | APA ]] silent, media misinformed public .p154 without the press (Saturday Evening Post, New Your Times) lobotomies wouldn't be widely accepted .p155 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy | Rosemary Kennedy ]] lobotomized age 23 .p155 attending nurse quit the profession .p156 John Kennedy secretly visited Rosemary once, no other family visited in 25 years .p156 1959 movie [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suddenly,_Last_Summer_(film) | Suddenly Last Summer ]] "lobotomy positive" .p156 1975 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Flew_Over_the_Cuckoo%27s_Nest_(film) | One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest ]] negative .p157 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asylum_(2008_film) | Asylum ]] American horror film .p157 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine | Thorazine ]] .p157 1955 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine | Tofranil ]] antidepressant and [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meprobamate | Miltown ]] anti-anxiety mind-numbing drugs .p159 72yo Freeman's last lobotomy 1967, patient died of cerebral hemorrhage, license lost .p159 Freeman died of colon cancer in 1972 at age of 77. Now regarded by many as a monster, and American Mengele .p160 Joseph Kennedy never looked at a lobotomy patient before Rosemary's disabling operation ---- .'''p161 Chapter 6 - The Mosquito Liberation Front''' .p161 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Carson | Rachel Carson ]] alerted by newspaper editor [[ https://en.wikipedia..org/wiki/Olga_Huckins | Olga Huckins ]] about DDT bird kill .p162 Rachel Carson shown nature's wonders by mother Maria .p163 1929 attended Johns Hopkins, masters thesis 1932, not allowed to continue PhD program .p164 1937 September Atlantic Monthly article Undersea .p164 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Sea_Wind | Under the Sea Wind ]] 1941 .p165 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sea_Around_Us | The Sea Around Us ]] 1951 .p166 1.3 million copies in 32 languages .p167 believed Oxford Press did not do enough to promote the book .p167 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Edge_of_the_Sea | The Edge of the Sea ]] 1955 .p167 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring | Silent Spring ]] 1962 .p169 led to DDT ban .p172 1963 Carson asked Department of Commerce for a "Pesticide Commission", led to [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency | Environmental Protection Agency ]] in 1970 .p174 Carson inspired [[ https://cleanwater.org/ | Clean Water Action ]] and [[ https://www.nrdc.org/ | Natural Resources Defense Council ]] .p175 Time Magazine: "Many scary generalizations are patently unsound" .p175 Pesticide manufacturer [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velsicol_Chemical_Corporation | Velsicol ]] threatened to sue Houghton Mifflin .p175 Velsicol [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velsicol_Chemic[[ | ]]al_Corporation#Endrin | endrin ]] spill killed 5 million fish in lower Mississipi river 1963-4 .p182 Bird populations increased during heaviest DDT use years: fewer insect-borne diseases, more food to eat .p183 Carson must have known this, but never wrote about it .p183 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_R._Roberts| Donald Roberts ]] author [[ https://web.archive.org/web/20160210115901/http://theexcellentpowder.org/ | The Excellent Powder: DDT's Political and Scientific History ]] Multco Central 668.65 R6437e 2010 .p184 [[ https://www.epa.gov/archive/epa/aboutepa/1972-consolidated-ddt-hearing-title-page-contents-and-section-d-conclusions-law.html | EPA 1982 DDT hearing: ]] not mutagenic, teratogenic, no detleterious effect on freshwater fish, estuarine organisms, wild birds, or other wildlife. .p184 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ruckelshaus | EPA William Ruckelshaus ]] didn't attend meeting, read the report, unilaterally banned DDT in 1972 .p186 Carson "Under primitive agricultural conditions the farmer had few insect problems" ---- .'''p191 Chapter 7 - Nobel Prize Disease''' . [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Pauling | Linus Pauling ]] .p191 [[ https://dn790000.ca.archive.org/0/items/natureofthechemicalbondpauling/Nature-Of-The-Chemical-Bond-Pauling.pdf | The Nature of the Chemical Bond ]] 1931 .p192 1931 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir_Award | Langmuir Prize ]] .p192 1931 elected to [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences | National Academy of Sciences ]] .p192 1931 full professor at [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology | Caltech ]] .p192 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease | sickle-cell disease ]] abnormal [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemoglobin | hemoglobin protein ]] "slightly different charge" [sic] .p192 1949 Science "Sickle Cell Anemia: A Molecular Disease" .p192 1951 PNAS "The Structure of Proteins", [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_helix | alpha helix ]] .p193 1953 PNAS "A Proposed Structure for the Nucleic Acids", DNA ''triple'' helix. . one year before Watson and Crick .p194 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_Stone | Irwin Stone ]] 3g/d [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C | vitamin C ]] .p194 "300 times vitamin C RDA" [[ RDA is 75mg/day adult female, 90mg/day adult male. 300 times is 22.5g/day female, 27g/day male .p194 recommended dietary supplements for virtually every known disease .p195 with [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_Stone | Irwin Stone ]], two years at College of the City of New York, degree from [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California_University_of_Health_Sciences | Los Angeles College of Chiropractic ]] and a bogus mail-order PhD .p195 [[ https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/259054 | 1942 study in JAMA by Cowan ]], 980 people with colds, vitamin C did not lessen symptoms . [[ https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CC/Cowan_1942_ch.pdf | Vitamins for the Prevention of Colds ]] . 2000 i.u. of vitamin C, 50 micrograms per i.u., hence 100 milligrams . RDA is 90 mg/day for adult men, 75 mg/day for women, so the C[[ | ]]owan study did NOT test "megadoses" or even double doses .p195 Researchers at U.Md., U.Toronto and "in the Netherlands" (CITATION NEEDED) tested 2g, 3g, and 3.5g .p196 found to be useless by [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Moertel | Charles Moertel ]] at [[ https://www.mayoclinic.org/ | Mayo Clinic ]] .p196 Pauling considered suing Mortel for "deliberate fraud and misrepresentation", his lawyers said no .p196 Pauling wrote vitamin-C-cures-everything books, then vitamin-C only works WITHOUT chemotherapy .p197 colleague [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Perutz | Max Perutz ]] said Pauling reputation spoiled .p197 Pauling's vanity was his greatest failing; Einstein delighted by valid correction . my note: Pauling also proposed triple-helix DNA in 1953, silly charged phosphate backbone, astonished by his mistake . Pauling was 52yo in 1953, 72yo when he founded the [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Pauling_Institute | Institute of Orthomolecular Medicine ]] in 1973, and 93yo when he died. .p198 Cofounder [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Robinson | Arthur B. Robinson ]] . Showed that megadose vitamin C (10g human equivalent) ''increased'' cancer risk in mice . Robinson now runs the [[ https://www.oism.org/ | Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine ]] in Cave Junction, Oregon . Robinson also writes [[ https://oism.org/s32p29.htm | Access To Energy newsletter ]] after [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_Beckmann | Petr Beckmann ]] died in 1993 .p199 Ava Pauling took 10g megadose C (mutagenic), died of hemorrhaging from stomach cancer in 1981 at age 77 .p200 2008 review study of 230,000 people taking megavitamins found increase risk of cancer and heart disease [[ | ]] . 2013 [[ https://skeptical-science.com/science/vitamin-myth/ | The Vitamin Myth ]] .p201 [[ https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/apr/16/medicalresearch | 2008 Cochrane Collaboration ]] ''review'' of 67 studies found antioxidant supplements significantly increased mortality .p201 Oxidation is also required to kill cancer cells and clear clogged arteries .p202 [[ https://catherineprice.com/ | Catherine Price ]] [[ https://catalog.wccls.org/polaris/search/title.aspx?ctx=1.1033.0.0.6&pos=1&cn=2566758 | Vitamania ]] BVTN lib 613.286 PRI .p204 AIDS in 1982, [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV | HIV ]] identified by [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gallo | Gallo et. al. ]] in 1984 .p206 In 1987, [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Duesberg | Peter Duesberg ]] claimed AIDS ''not'' caused by HIV . convinced South African president [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki | Thabo Mbeki ]] that anti-HIV drugs were poison, 300,000 extra deaths resulted .p208 discoverer of HIV [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Montagnier | Luc Montagnier ]] 2009 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_teleportation | teleporting DNA ]] . [[ https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo7630 | homeopathy ]] . [[ https://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2012/06/27/luc-montagnier-hits-a-new-low-age-of-autism-rallies-to-defend-him | antibiotics for autism ]] .p212 All scientists should have unassailable supporting data. Personality, awards, and poetic writing are not proof. ---- .'''p213 Chapter 8 - Learning From the Past''' .p213 4000 papers per day, bell curve results; some awful, some excellent, most mediocre .p214 [[ https://quoteinvestigator.com/2018/11/18/know-trouble/ | supposedly Mark Twain: ]] "The trouble with the world is not that people know too little, its that they know so many things that ain't so" . Actual creator and original statement unidentified, according to [[ https://marktwainstudies.com/ | Mark Twain Center at Elmira College ]] .p214 what matters is reproducibility. MMR causes autism? Ten million dollar studies of hundreds of thousands of children found no greater risk. .p215 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene_hypothesis | Hygiene hypothesis ]] [[ https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe020092 | NEMJ "Eat Dirt" ]] Developing world children more diseases, fewer allergies .p216 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette | e-cigarette ]] nicotine still highly addictive and harms fetuses .p217 Book prediction e-cigarettes displacing tobacco; no, in 2024 US Adults: 7% use e-cigarettes, 18.8% use tobacco .p218 in 2005 21% of US adults smoked cigarettes, in 2014, 17% did .p219 People smoke for the nicotine but die from the tar .p221 2015 "New York Assembly Bill A1706 sought to ban GMO vaccines" ... enacting clause stricken 2015 March 18 .p223 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_Bisphenol_A | BPA ]] fed to rats at 4000x human exposure remained healthy. Problem studies ''injected'' BPA, bypassing liver, which inactivates BPA in 5 minutes .exceeding FDA limits requires ingesting 10,000 times typical daily intake .p224 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharin | saccharine ]] caused bladder cancer in rodents; rodent urine highly acidic, forms microcrystals. Not in humans. .p224 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B._Weiner | David Weiner: ]] "Mice lie and monkeys exaggerate" .p225 desperate parent therapies for [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism | autism ]] .p226 [[ https://insightplus.mja.com.au/2019/33/blessed-be-the-humble-cure-all-bleach | Jim Humble ]] claims intestinal worms cause AIDs, malaria, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease and sells [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement | Miracle Mineral Supplement ]] as a cure .p227 In desperation, fake "cures" punish the afflicted .p228 Eliminating DDT restored mosquitoes, millions of children died from malaria. .p228 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiomersal | thimerosal ]] vaccine preservative metabolizes into ethylmercury .prevents stoppers of multiple-use vials from transferring bacteria .p228 eliminating thimerosal infected children with hepatitis B virus .p229 more mercury in breast milk and infant formula than vaccines with thimerosal .p230 The precautionary principle assumes no harm from exercising caution. .p231 When we detect nonfatal cancers, we probably do more harm than good. .p234 60,000 diagnosed with thyroid cancer annually, .p234 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroidectomy | Thyroidectomy ]] [[ https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/total-thyroidectomy-benefits-risks-and-recovery-explained/ | benefits and risks ]] .p235 men are more likely to die with prostate cancer than from it .p235 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer_screening | Prostate cancer screening ]]; unclear that early detection reduces mortality rates. Biopsies painful and risky, therapies brutal. .p235 PSA tests cost $3B/year in 2010, cannot detect prostate cancer or measure lethality. "Profit-driven public health disaster" .p235 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammography | Mammography ]] saves lives, but how many and at what cost? .p236 Screening mammography breast cancer diagnoses doubled from .112% to .234% , late stage breast cancer deaths deaths decreased from .102% to .094%, mostly due to better treatment, not better screening . Screening has little or no effect .p237 formerly, biennial screening between age 40 to 74, now age 50 to 74, fewer false positives, less suffering .p237 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie_Aschwanden | journalist Christie Ashwanden ]] 2015 editorial in JAMA concluded the chance of ''a mammogram'' would save her life was 0.16% . 13 mammograms from age 50 to 74, 13 mammograms is 2.88% chance of saving her life, 30 years life expectancy at 50, 13 years of life expectancy at age 74, so somewhere between 300 and 135 extra days saved. . maybe worthwhile, but probably much more worthwhile if family history and genetic priors factored in. Screening may help teach us what to look for. .p238 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Wakefield | Andrew Wakefield ]] 1998 MMR vaccine autism nonsense. Thousands of UK patients withheld vaccination, hundreds of children hospitalized, at least four died from measles. .p239 Wakefield claimed thousands of professionals were bribed; [[ https://web.archive.org/web/20120630205839/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/checkup/2011/01/wakefield_tried_to_capitalize.html | Wakefield planned to earn $43M per year selling test kits ]]. .p239 When the law is on your side, argue the law. When the facts are on your side, argue the facts. When neither are on your side, attack the witness. .p240 Mathematician and debunker [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Levitt | Norman Levitt ]] "While Galileo was a rebel, not all rebels are Galileo." . Norman Levitt essay: [[ https://archive.skeptic.com/archive/eskeptic/14-01-08/ | Why professors believe weird things ]] ---- .p241 Epilogue .p241 Every advance has come with a price, often easy to calculate, but sometimes difficult. .for opiates and synthetic fertilizers, short term gains may be much smaller than long term losses. .learn from our mistakes, don't be paralyzed by them. ---- .p243 Acknowledgements ------ .p245 Selected Bibliography ---- .p245 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Grant_(author) | John Grant ]] 2006 [[https://www.amazon.com/Bogus-Science-People-Really-Believe/dp/1904332870 | Bogus Science ]] .p246 CDS 2012 [[ https://www.cdc.gov/titalsigns/painkilleroverdoses | Prescription Painkiller Overdoses In the US ]] .p247 NYT 2014 Aug 4 [[ https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/05/upshot/dealing-with-opioid-abuse-would-pay-for-itself.html | Dealing With Opioid Abuse Would Pay for Itself ]] .p249 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Hoffman | Felix Hoffman ]] .p253 L. F. Haber, 1986 [[ https://search.worldcat.org/title/12051072 | The Poisonous Cloud: Chemical Warfare in the First World War ]] at PSU . L. F. Haber (1921-2004) was a British economic historian and the son of the Nobel laureate chemist Fritz Haber .p254 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Ye_Hee_Lee | Michelle Ye He Lee ]] 2015 [[ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2015/07/08/donald-trumps-false-comments-connecting-mexican-immigrants-and-crime/ | Donald Trump's False Comments Connecting Mexican Immigrants and Crime ]] .p255 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Naftali | Timothy Naftali ]] [[ | Unlike Ike ]] New York Times Book Review, 2015 September 26 ??? .p258 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Allen_(author) | Arthur Allen ]] 2014 [[ https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Fantastic_Laboratory_of_Dr_Weigl/Ka1bAwAAQBAJ | The Fantastic Laboratory of Dr. Weigl ]] Hillsboro Brookwood 614.5262 ALLEN 2014 .p259 [[ https://gwenpearson.com/ | Gwen Pearson ]] [[ https://membracid.wordpress.com/2007/06/25/setting-the-record-straight-on-rachel-carson/ | Setting the Record Straight on Rachel Carson ]] .p260 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Offit | Paul Offit ]] [[ | Do You Believe in Magic? The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine ]] .p261 [[ https://eppc.org/author/algis_valiunas/ | Algis Valiunas ]] [[ | The Man Who Thought of Everything ]] The New Atlantis, Spring 2015 .p261 [[ cience.org/authored-by/Cohen/Jon?pageSize=20&startPage=1 | Jon Cohen ]] [[ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7992044/ | Duesberg and Critics Agree: Hemophilia is the Best Test ]] Science 266 (1994): 1642-1644 .p264 [[ https://cdnm.bwh.harvard.edu/scott-t-weiss-md-ms/ | Scott Weiss ]] [[ | Eat Dirt - The Hygiene Hypothesis and Allergic Diseases ]] New England Journal of Medicine 157 (2002): 390-391 .p266 [[ https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=s5w6V6UAAAAJ&hl=en | K. E. Farsalinos ]] [[ | R. Poisa ]] [[ | Safety Evaluation and Risk Assessment of Electronic Cigarettes as Tobacco Substitutes: A Systematic Review ]] Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety 5 (2014): 67-86 .p269 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Kolata | Gina Kolata ]] [[ | Study Points to Overdiagnosis of Thyroid Cancer ]] New York Times, April 14, 2016. ---- .p273 About the Author [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Offit ]] ---- .p275 Index