.http://wiki.keithl.com/Proto
== Proto ==
==== How One Ancient Language Went Global ====
==== Laura Spinney . 2025 . Aloha Lib 417.7 SPINNEY Laura ====
 . 282 pages text/illustration, 22 pages bibliography, 21 pages end notes, 16 pages index
  . the index is essential though incomplete; Spinney reintroduces nouns and placenames 200 pages after a first appearance
 . This book is about the evolution of language and the migration of languages/cultures
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=== Maps ===
 .p4-5 '''The Peak of the Last Ice Age''', 20 KY ago, Mercator 75W to "195E", 70S to 80N
  . ice sheets, lower sea level, land bridges Asia to North America, Europe to Britain/Island
 .p33-34 '''Lingua Obscura''', undated, 31E to 40E, 20N to 49N
 .p60-61 '''Proto-Indo-European''', undated, 9W to 88E, 8N to 64N, migration of [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamnaya_culture | Yamnaya ]] to Britain, Spain, Denmark, India, [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Mountains | Altai mountains ]] though the [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe | Eurasian Steppe ]]
 .p90-91 '''[[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia | Anatolian ]]''', undated, 4E to 41E, 32N to 42N
 .p118-119 '''[[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharians  | Tocharian ]]''', undated, 66E to 97E, ? ?
 .p142-143 '''Celtic, Germanic, and Italic''', 500BC
 .p180-181 '''Indo-Iranian'''
 .p210-211 '''Baltic and Slavic'''
 .p234-235 '''Albanian, Armenian, Greek'''
 .p256-257 '''The Indo-European Speaking-World Today''' almost everywhere besides Africa, Arabia, Mongolia, China, Japan,  and Southeast Asia
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 .p07 5kya, Proto-Indo-European "exploded out of Black Sea cradle" eastward westward, Ireland to India
 .p09 300kya, Homo sapiens arose in Africa, vocal tracts, cognition
 .p09 60kya, Homo sapiens walked out of Africa with tools and speech
 .p10 14kya, glaciers recede
 .p10 human population 10M, 10k spoken languages, ~1k each
 .p10 [[ ooks.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=NG7nBQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA38&dq=vertical+bilingualism&ots=Z7VZr4OhJd&sig=Yspnw3uZ9c7N4hc1SjQ5IOVBusY#v=onepage&q=vertical%20bilingualism&f=false| vertical bilingualism ]] people higher up with their own language also learn the language lower down, perhaps for marketing (reason not mentioned by Spinney)
 .p11 Official languages grew, 1M speakers 5kya
 .p12 writing emerged 6000 YA, confusing 30 minutes to midnight clock analogy
 .p13 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri | Dante ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy | Divine Comedy ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscan_dialect | Tuscan dialect ]] became standard literary language of western Europe for 200 years
 .p18 Enlightenment scholars searched for non-biblical birthplace of Indo-European
 .p19 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weinreich | Max Weinrich 1894-1969 ]] A language is a dialect with an army and a navy
 .p20 dead languages studied with linguistics, archaeology and genetics
 .p22 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Grimm | Jacob Grimm ]][[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimm%27s_law | Grimm's Law ]] word sound in one language predicably changes to a different sound in another language
 .p28 cheap/fast DNA sequencing major expansion of unwritten history
 .p29 anthropologist [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._Scott | James C. Scott ]] called infectious disease the 'loudest silence' in the archaeological record
 .p29 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythian_languages | Scythian ]] is pronounced SI-thee-uhn
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