= Rapanui, Easter Island = ------ = Statues That Walked = === Unraveling the Mystery of Easter Island === === Terry Hunt and Carl Lipo, 2011, West Slope 996.18 Hunt === ------ [[ https://anthropology.uoregon.edu/profile/tlhunt/ | Terry Hunt at UO ]] ----- Hypothesis - Moai are multipurpose. They provide roosts for seabirds, safe from rats, and provide a little food and fertilizer (collects on ahu platforms?). Moai are "personalized" to be claimed by individuals or clan groups. ----- Hunt/Lipo studies in 2001 .p002 rolling hills, less than 1 MY old .p004 Te Pito o te Henua, "navel of the world" or ''end of the world'' .p004 double-hulled canoes soon after 1200AD, against prevailing winds and currents, .p004 tacking four times further than straight-line distance, 12500 miles from Raritonga, 30 to 100 men and women .p005 63 square miles, 14 mi E/W, 8 mi N/S .p005 chief Hotu Matu'a, found island by following seabirds to their nests .p005 taro, breadfruit, coconut, yams, bananas. sugarcane, tumeric, kava, chickens, maybe Polynesian rats (Rattus exulans) . pigs and dogs did not make it to islands .p006 1722 Dutch Jacob Roggeveen Easter Sunda 1722 (treeless. 3000 healthy people) .p006 1770 Spanish .p007 1774 James Cook 700 destitute people .p008 1786 La Perouse .p009 1914 Katherine Routledge .p009 1955 Thor Heyerdahl and Wulliam Mulloy .p010 Heyerdahl putative AD 1680 event, hypothetical ecocide, then Diamond .p013 Anakena Beach (middle of north shore) putative landing site .p015 Excavating beach, found human evidence (charcoal, bones. obsidian) AD 1200, then root mold casts below, no humans .p019 Millions of giant palms when first settlers arrived .p021 Dutch saw distant woodlands, 1868 Palmer saw ''Jubaea'' palms in 1868 .p022 1977 John Flenley dates change to 1500, 1999 Mann and Rankin erosion and forest loss between 1280 and 1650 .p027 [[ https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-008-9402-3 | Steve Athens theory]]: Polynesian rats ('''''"prodigeous climbers"''''') ate seeds and nuts (like Lord Howe Island) .p038 ''Manavai'' small rock-wall enclosures, 1 to 6 feet high, protect crops from wind and conserve moisture and nutrients, enclose 6.4 square miles .p043 1996 Joan Wozniak lithic mulching .p048 Hans-Rudolph Bork: more than a billion stones massing 2 million tonnes, . islanders travelled 8 aggregate million miles over 500 years (not much! That's 40 miles per day summed over all islanders .p057 El Camino de los Moai .p079 1962 Czech engineer Pavel Pavel moved upright statues by rocking on base and turning, "walking" them 600 feet a day with small crews. ''neke-neke'' = walking without legs .p085 Hunt/Lipo team studied abandoned statues, they fell down consistent with walking hypothesis, also [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conchoidal_fracture | conchoidal fractures ]] on bases .p091 probably 15 to 20 people .p096 ''mata'a'' stones inconsistent with weapons, wear patterns consistent with cutting and scraping of plants .p099 no evidence of defensive structures .p111 Thomson 1886 identified 113 ''ahu'' (population 155 individuals (68 men 43 women) .p113 some ''ahu'' faced with large precision stones .p115 small groups working on single areas .p117 material for plaza exceeded platform portion of ''ahu'', Roggenveen observed rituals .p123 ''hare paenga or hare vaka'' boat-shaped houses. 50 feet long, 15 wide, 9 high .p132 Moai are ''"costly signalling"'' .p148 islanders took hats from visiting Europeans .p151 Moai "hats": ''pukao'' made from red scoria, coarse and porous, up to 8 foot high and 8 foot diameter .p153 ''moai'' construction and maintenance ceased with European arrival, cargo cults emerged .p182 coconut, kava, breadfruit won't grow on Rapa Nui. Taro, Yam, Sweet Potato, Banana, and Sugarcane might. .p187 wind blows 5 to 35 mph