= Superheavy = === Making and Breaking the Periodic Table === === Kit Chapman 2019, Tigard 546.44 CHA === ----- .p35 Gilman Hall Berkeley 1939; Alvarez and Seaborg make element 93, Neptunium, decaying to 94 Plutonium .p53 Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Clinton Engineering Works), X-10 Graphite Reactor (Clinton Pile) .p60 makes Pu-238 (thermal) plutonium for NASA (Voyager, Curiosity) .p80 Element 112, superheavies 6% off projections, a wasted month of beam time at $50,000 per day .p96 Eniwetok Ivy Mike bomb test produced Pu-244, half life 80 My . Many arguments about names . INR near Dubna, Flerov and Oganessian ... funding problems after USSR demise . Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Al Ghiorso, Lawrence Livermore . RIKEN Nishima . GSI Darmstadt . Victor Ninov fraud, element 118 altered data .''The Transuranium People: The Inside Story'' Hoffmann, Ghiorso, Seaborg (2000) .''Chemistry of the Superheavy Elements''Shadel & Shaunessey (eds. 2015)