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| .78 Leslie Richard Grove 1896- Born in Vancouver WA army housing, chaplain father, teens in Altadena, then Seattle, high school with UW, them MIT in 1914, West Point 1916 , rose to manage Army construction, the Pentagon building, and Hanford. .86 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leona_Woods | Leona Woods Marshall Libby ]] .88 Grove and compartmentalization, suspicion of Szilard .90 steel and masonite (neutron-slowing-hydrogen) shielding .91 graphite bricks 10x10x120 cm, 25 kg. 5 cm holes down the long axis of some. .95 "canning" the uranium slugs difficult -> dipping in molten aluminum .96 B reactor startup September 26, 1944, less than a year after groundbreaking, D and F reactors soon after .98 Xenon-135 poisoning - fuel rods in "unneeded" process tubes could keep the reactor running .102 T and B and U plants, hugely-scaled-up UCB-Seaborg-Wahl process, dissolve the cladding with sodium hydroxide, and uranium and fission products with nitric acid, recovering 1ppm plutonium in the finishing shop next to the T Plant .105 much of the radioactive waste ended up in the air and in the Columbia River .106 177 gigantic underground tanks still contain waste as of 2020 .108 Spokane architect Gustav Pehrson designed Richland, 2 dozen designs designated by letters, 4000 built over the next 18 months .111 Locked wooden box from Los Angeles to Los Alamos, worth $350M .113 atomic bomb releases its energy in a microsecond .114 U235, spontaneous fission rare. Pu239 spontaneous fission frequent, fizzle likely for a gun design .117 implosion design difficult, but used 10% of the fissionables. By summer 1945, Hanford produced enough Pu239 for several bombs per month .119 Nov 1944, Alsos team learns Germans never separated U235 or produced a chain reaction. .120 1200 tons of uranium ore hidden in caves near Strassfurt, discovered April 23 1945 .121 Alsos Furman to leader Goudsmit, "if we have such a weapon, we will use it". |
The Apocalypse Factory
Plutonium and the Making of the Atomic Age
Steve Olson 2020, Beaverton Library 623.4511 OLS
- 05 plutonium for the Nagasaki bomb
31 Chemical separation of plutonium with S₂O₈ UCB Gilman Hall room 303 by Seaborg and Wahl Feb 1941
- 52 Chicago Met Lab, plutonium contaminated hose used to fix soda machine
55 Stone&Webster -> du Pont
- 63 1943 March eviction White Bluffs WA 300 residents
- 64 177 graves moved to Prosser (32 mi south) . . 65 600 square miles
- 66 Grove assistant 34yo Franklin Matthias, Hanford construction boss
- 70 Matthias helps Wanapum natives, later barred from Hanford and ancestor's graves after the war
- 72 interviewed 250K workers, hired 100K, 45K remained, 15K blacks
- 76 1944 union "day's pay" campaign raised $162K to buy a B-17 for the air force
- 77 eight mess halls, 2700 people each, 50,000 box lunches
- 78 Leslie Richard Grove 1896- Born in Vancouver WA army housing, chaplain father, teens in Altadena, then Seattle, high school with UW, them MIT in 1914, West Point 1916 , rose to manage Army construction, the Pentagon building, and Hanford.
- 88 Grove and compartmentalization, suspicion of Szilard
- 90 steel and masonite (neutron-slowing-hydrogen) shielding
- 91 graphite bricks 10x10x120 cm, 25 kg. 5 cm holes down the long axis of some.
95 "canning" the uranium slugs difficult -> dipping in molten aluminum
- 96 B reactor startup September 26, 1944, less than a year after groundbreaking, D and F reactors soon after
- 98 Xenon-135 poisoning - fuel rods in "unneeded" process tubes could keep the reactor running
- 102 T and B and U plants, hugely-scaled-up UCB-Seaborg-Wahl process, dissolve the cladding with sodium hydroxide, and uranium and fission products with nitric acid, recovering 1ppm plutonium in the finishing shop next to the T Plant
- 105 much of the radioactive waste ended up in the air and in the Columbia River
- 106 177 gigantic underground tanks still contain waste as of 2020
- 108 Spokane architect Gustav Pehrson designed Richland, 2 dozen designs designated by letters, 4000 built over the next 18 months
- 111 Locked wooden box from Los Angeles to Los Alamos, worth $350M
- 113 atomic bomb releases its energy in a microsecond
- 114 U235, spontaneous fission rare. Pu239 spontaneous fission frequent, fizzle likely for a gun design
- 117 implosion design difficult, but used 10% of the fissionables. By summer 1945, Hanford produced enough Pu239 for several bombs per month
- 119 Nov 1944, Alsos team learns Germans never separated U235 or produced a chain reaction.
- 120 1200 tons of uranium ore hidden in caves near Strassfurt, discovered April 23 1945
- 121 Alsos Furman to leader Goudsmit, "if we have such a weapon, we will use it".
