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The End of Plagues
Multco Central . 362.19691 R476e . 2013
Forward by Sir Richard Sykes
- p001 Introduction
p005 Ch01 . The Power of the Invisible
p006 Bubonic plague killed 1/3 of European population between 1348 and 1350
p006 Great Plague of London 1665-1666
p008 Ramses V died of smallpox in "1157 BC" (wp 1144 BC)
p011 Ch02 . Circassian Beauties and Pioneering Women
p012 Variola major mutated from Variola minor between 400 and 1600 years ago
p013 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu née Pierrepont smallpox at 26, championed variolation
p014 Circassian beauty
p014 variolation
p017 Scottish surgeon Charles Maitland innoculated Newgate prisoners in 1722, all survived and were pardoned
p018 Cotton Mather learned of variolation from slave Onesimus
- p019 Boston doctor Zabdiel Boylston innoculed 242 people during 1721 smallpox outbreak
- p019 smallpox mortality 10% to 30%
- p019 variolation morality 17 out of 897, 2%
p020 French medical establishment opposed, Voltaire in favor
- p020 Dr. Robert Sutton improved procedure, son Daniel Sutton inoculated 40,000 with 5 deaths
p021 Thomas Dimsdale
p021 Catherine the Great innoculated by Thomas Dimsdale, rewarded with "Baron of the Russian Empire"
p023 Ch03 . The Making of Jenner
p023 Edward Jenner
p024 Jenner lodged with surgeon John Hunter
- p026 Jenner found foreign seed in birds, evidence for bird migration
- p026 Jenner observed newly hatched cuckoos push other chicks and eggs out of nest
p027 observed narrowing and calcification in coronary arteries of angina patients
p028 1775 siege of Quebec failed when half of the colonial force was infected
p029 Ch04 Why Not Try the Experiment?
p030 Cowpox protective against smallpox, dismissed by most doctors, tested by Jenner
p031 pseudocowpox common, pustules different than cowpox
p031 True cowpox-infected milkmaid Sarah Nelmes source of pustule, Gloster cow Blossom
- p032 Jenner used "virus" meaning poison or contagion
p033 Gardener's son James Phipps first innoculated 1796 May 14
- mild symptoms for 9 days. Very small reaction to variolation, similar to those already exposed and immune
p034 farmer Benjamin Jesty did the same experiment in 1774, scorned, vindicated in 1805
p037 Ch05 The Fourth Achievement
p038 Jenner publishes An Inquiry into the Causes and Effect of the Variolae Vaccinae ... 1798
- p039 James Pearson, hysician at St. George's Hospital
- p043 unlike variolation, cowpox vaccination was not infectious to others
- p044 Parliament awards Jenner ₤10,000 as sole discoverer of vaccination
p047 Ch06 The Foundling Voyages
- p047 1808 National Vaccine Institute, ₤20,000 awarded to Jenner
- p049 Napoleon ordered 100K francs spent to promote vaccination
- p049 1815 (year of Waterloo battle), French Academy's poetry competition was "Edward Jenner and Vaccination"
- p049 1805 Napoleon releases two imprisoned British scientists at Jenner's request
- p050 vaccination spreads to Latin America, then the Phillipines
- p053 1800 letter to Thomas Jefferson, Monticello vaccinated by August 1801, Virginia, DC, and Philadelphia by year's end
p055 Ch07 The Teeming Humanity of Nations
- p057 Vaccination did not reach Tibet until the 1940s
- p058 Japanese emperor/Mikado and wife vaccinated in 1875, mandatory nationwide in 1885
- p059 immunity wanes; today boosters at 3 to 10 year intervals
p059 Vaccination Act 1840
p065 Ch08 A Great and Loud Commotion
- p065 glycerol and phenol added to vaccines eliminated risk of bacterial infection from vaccines
- p066 Smallpox 1/5 chance of death; 1896 vaccines 1/14,000 chance of death lead to antivaccination resentment
- p069 Routine vaccination ended 1971 in Britain
p071 Ch09 Completing the Picture
- Jenner promotes vaccination for the rest of his life, but uncomfortable in London
- p074 mild stroke age 70, another age 73. died 1823 January 26
p077 Ch10 Germ Theory and the Birth of Immunology
p078 Girolamo Fracastoro 1546 theorized fomites
p079 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723 and Jan Vermeer 1632-1675 lived nearby in Delft
p081 Dimitri Ivanovsky Martinus Beijerinck Adelchi Negri Wendell Stanley
p083 Paul Ehrlich Emile Roux Alexandre Yersin Rudolf Virchow
p084 Élie Metchnikoff
p086 Ferdinand Cohn
p087 Felix Haurowitz Friedrich Breinl (1888-1936 Linus Pauling Frank Macfarlane Burnet Niels Jerne Peter Medewar
p089 Ch11 Victorious Weapons against Illness and Death
- p090 Jenner statue removed from Britannia's Victory Square
- 1861 Punch Magazine:
England's ingratitude still blots
The escutcheon of the brave and free;
I saved you many million spots
And now you grudge one spot for me.
- 1861 Punch Magazine:
- p090 Moved to Kensington. Author Rhodes says "this is a better place for a man raised in the tranquil Vale of Severn and who was never at home in London.
- p091 Arm-to-arm vaccination no longer used in Europe by 1900, vaccine production in calves instead
- p091 Vaccines against cholera, typhoid, and plague before 1900
- p091 biochemistry term in 1903
p091 James Sumner isolates, purifies, and crystallizes urease enzyme
p092 John Keats trained as a surgeon and apothecary
p092 Keats lost his mother and brother Tom to tuberculosis, led to 1819 Ode to a Nightingale
- p093 Keats died of tuberculosis February 1821
p094 Robert Koch identified the M. tuberculosis bacteria in 1882
p095 bacteriologist Albert Calmette 1863-1933 and veterinarian Camille Guerine 1872-1961
p095 passaging (pronounced pasarging) tuberculosis bacteria 1908 until 1919
p095 Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine tested in humans 1921, 500K infants safely vaccinated
- p095 240 babies vaccinated in Lübeck, all developed acute tuberculosis, 72 died
- p096 Lübeck BCG contaminated with virulent bacillus grown in the same incubator
p098 six-needle Heaf gun
- p098 ~1/3 of world population has TB, latent for many
- p098 a better vaccine than BG sorely needed
p101 Ch12 First Light on the Mystery of Infantile Paralysis
p102 Karl Landsteiner identified cause of polio
- p102 severe polio rare in poor hygiene communities, babies exposed while protected by antibodies in mother's milk
p103 Simon Flexner and Albert Sabin at Rockefeller Institute in NYC
- p104 Franklin Roosevelt contracted polio at a 1921 Boy Scout jamboree, kept secret for life
p104 Many new polios" at Warm Springs Resort in Georgia, Roosevelt arranges separation for convalescents
p106 radios (battery or wallplug) everywhere in 1938 US, March of Dimes
p106 Brodie Park 1935 vaccine against polio, inactivation incomplete, some vaccine-related infections
- p107 gastrointestinal virus in humans, only 1% of infections enter the nervous system
p109 Ch13 Yearning to Breath Free
p112 virologist Thomas Rivers led Rockefeller Institute
p114 Dorothy Horstmann at Yale orally"" infected monkeys with polio
p114 Jonas Salk discovered three serotypes of polio using 17000 monkeys
p115 Isabel Morgan developed a formalin-inactivated-virus vaccine
p123 Ch14 A Great Step Forward
p199 Ch23 A Team of Many Colors