Diff for "EndofPlagues"

The End of Plagues

• John Rhodes Cambridge UK

Multco Central . 362.19691 R476e . 2013

• Forward by Sir Richard Sykes

• p001 Introduction

• p005 Ch01 . The Power of the Invisible

• p006 Bubonic plague killed 1/3 of European population between 1348 and 1350

• p006 Great Plague of London 1665-1666

• p008 Ramses V died of smallpox in "1157 BC" (wp 1144 BC)

• p011 Ch02 . Circassian Beauties and Pioneering Women

• p012 Variola major mutated from Variola minor between 400 and 1600 years ago

  • p013 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu née Pierrepont smallpox at 26, championed variolation

• p014 Circassian beauty

• p014 variolation

• p017 Scottish surgeon Charles Maitland innoculated Newgate prisoners in 1722, all survived and were pardoned

• p018 Cotton Mather learned of variolation from slave Onesimus

• p019 Boston doctor Zabdiel Boylston innoculed 242 people during 1721 smallpox outbreak
• p019 smallpox mortality 10% to 30%
• p019 variolation morality 17 out of 897, 2%

• p020 French medical establishment opposed, Voltaire in favor

• p020 Dr. Robert Sutton improved procedure, son Daniel Sutton inoculated 40,000 with 5 deaths

• p021 Thomas Dimsdale

• p021 Catherine the Great innoculated by Thomas Dimsdale, rewarded with "Baron of the Russian Empire"

• p023 Ch03 . The Making of Jenner

• p023 Edward Jenner

• p024 Jenner lodged with surgeon John Hunter

• p026 Jenner found foreign seed in birds, evidence for bird migration
• p026 Jenner observed newly hatched cuckoos push other chicks and eggs out of nest

• p027 observed narrowing and calcification in coronary arteries of angina patients

• p028 1775 siege of Quebec failed when half of the colonial force was infected

• p029 Ch04 Why Not Try the Experiment?

• p030 Cowpox protective against smallpox, dismissed by most doctors, tested by Jenner

• p031 pseudocowpox common, pustules different than cowpox

• p031 True cowpox-infected milkmaid Sarah Nelmes source of pustule, Gloster cow Blossom

• p032 Jenner used "virus" meaning poison or contagion

• p033 Gardener's son James Phipps first innoculated 1796 May 14

  • mild symptoms for 9 days. Very small reaction to variolation, similar to those already exposed and immune

• p034 farmer Benjamin Jesty did the same experiment in 1774, scorned, vindicated in 1805

• p037 Ch05 The Fourth Achievement

• p038 Jenner publishes An Inquiry into the Causes and Effect of the Variolae Vaccinae ... 1798

• p039 James Pearson, hysician at St. George's Hospital
• p043 unlike variolation, cowpox vaccination was not infectious to others
• p044 Parliament awards Jenner ₤10,000 as sole discoverer of vaccination

• p047 Ch06 The Foundling Voyages

• p047 1808 National Vaccine Institute, ₤20,000 awarded to Jenner
• p049 Napoleon ordered 100K francs spent to promote vaccination
• p049 1815 (year of Waterloo battle), French Academy's poetry competition was "Edward Jenner and Vaccination"
• p049 1805 Napoleon releases two imprisoned British scientists at Jenner's request
• p050 vaccination spreads to Latin America, then the Phillipines
• p053 1800 letter to Thomas Jefferson, Monticello vaccinated by August 1801, Virginia, DC, and Philadelphia by year's end

• p055 Ch07 The Teeming Humanity of Nations

• p057 Vaccination did not reach Tibet until the 1940s
• p058 Japanese emperor/Mikado and wife vaccinated in 1875, mandatory nationwide in 1885
• p059 immunity wanes; today boosters at 3 to 10 year intervals

• p059 Vaccination Act 1840

• p065 Ch08 A Great and Loud Commotion

• p065 glycerol and phenol added to vaccines eliminated risk of bacterial infection from vaccines
• p066 Smallpox 1/5 chance of death; 1896 vaccines 1/14,000 chance of death lead to antivaccination resentment

  • Alfred Russell Wallace George Bernard Shaw

• p069 Routine vaccination ended 1971 in Britain

• p071 Ch09 Completing the Picture

• Jenner promotes vaccination for the rest of his life, but uncomfortable in London
• p074 mild stroke age 70, another age 73. died 1823 January 26

• p077 Ch10 Germ Theory and the Birth of Immunology

• p078 Girolamo Fracastoro 1546 theorized fomites

• p079 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723 and Jan Vermeer 1632-1675 lived nearby in Delft

• p080 Herman Boerhaave Louis Pasteur

• p081 Dimitri Ivanovsky Martinus Beijerinck Adelchi Negri Wendell Stanley

• p082 Emil von Behring Kitasato Shibasaburō

• p083 Paul Ehrlich Emile Roux Alexandre Yersin Rudolf Virchow

• p084 Élie Metchnikoff

• p085 Richard Pfeiffer Robert Koch Casimer Davaine

• p086 Ferdinand Cohn

• p087 Felix Haurowitz Friedrich Breinl (1888-1936 Linus Pauling Frank Macfarlane Burnet Niels Jerne Peter Medewar

• p089 Ch11 Victorious Weapons against Illness and Death

• p090 Jenner statue removed from Britannia's Victory Square
  • 1861 Punch Magazine:

    • England's ingratitude still blots

    • The escutcheon of the brave and free;

    • I saved you many million spots

    • And now you grudge one spot for me.

• p090 Moved to Kensington. Author Rhodes says "this is a better place for a man raised in the tranquil Vale of Severn and who was never at home in London.
• p091 Arm-to-arm vaccination no longer used in Europe by 1900, vaccine production in calves instead
• p091 Vaccines against cholera, typhoid, and plague before 1900
• p091 biochemistry term in 1903

• p091 James Sumner isolates, purifies, and crystallizes urease enzyme

• p092 John Keats trained as a surgeon and apothecary

• p092 Keats lost his mother and brother Tom to tuberculosis, led to 1819 Ode to a Nightingale

• p093 Keats died of tuberculosis February 1821

• p094 Robert Koch identified the M. tuberculosis bacteria in 1882

• p095 bacteriologist Albert Calmette 1863-1933 and veterinarian Camille Guerine 1872-1961

• p095 passaging (pronounced pasarging) tuberculosis bacteria 1908 until 1919

• p095 Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine tested in humans 1921, 500K infants safely vaccinated

• p095 240 babies vaccinated in Lübeck, all developed acute tuberculosis, 72 died
• p096 Lübeck BCG contaminated with virulent bacillus grown in the same incubator

• p098 six-needle Heaf gun

• p098 ~1/3 of world population has TB, latent for many
• p098 a better vaccine than BG sorely needed

• p101 Ch12 First Light on the Mystery of Infantile Paralysis

• p102 Karl Landsteiner identified cause of polio

• p102 severe polio rare in poor hygiene communities, babies exposed while protected by antibodies in mother's milk

• p103 Simon Flexner and Albert Sabin at Rockefeller Institute in NYC

• p104 Franklin Roosevelt contracted polio at a 1921 Boy Scout jamboree, kept secret for life

• p104 Many new "polios" at Warm Springs Resort in Georgia, Roosevelt arranges separation for convalescents

• p106 radios (battery or wallplug) everywhere in 1938 US, March of Dimes

• p106 Brodie Park 1935 vaccine against polio, inactivation incomplete, some vaccine-related infections

• p107 gastrointestinal virus in humans, only 1% of infections enter the nervous system
• plate 8 Painting of first meeting of the Medical Society of London 1800, with Jenner's image added later

• p109 Ch13 Yearning to Breath Free

• p112 virologist Thomas Rivers led Rockefeller Institute

• p114 Dorothy Horstmann at Yale orally"" infected monkeys with polio

• p114 Jonas Salk discovered three serotypes of polio using 17000 monkeys

• p115 Isabel Morgan developed a formalin-inactivated-virus vaccine

• p116 Hilary Koprowski tested attenuated live virus vaccines on institutionalized children

• p117 bulbar polio invades cranial nerves that control breathing

• p118 Jonas Salk matriculated to NYU College of medicine, which did not enforce quotas on Jewish studentts
• p119 Salk's 1940's activism against facism and inequality led to future attacks

• p120 Out of This Furnace novel about steelworker unionization

• p120 Salk's lab majority funding for Pittsburg Medical School, test monkey expense

• p123 Ch14 A Great Step Forward

• p123 fearsome Mahoney strain of Salk polio vaccine

• p124 Polk School for the Retarded and Feeble Minded

• p124 Salk worried, prior vaccines were "not happy", but his was safe and produced good antibody levels.
• p126 next, large-scale vaccine trial
• p127 Sabin claimed Salk vaccine not ready for large trial, current infection rates low, a double-blind trial required 500K children for statistically significant results
• p128 socialist medicine dreaded, so no federal or public money involved
• p128 April 4, 1954 news of pathenogenic vaccine batches, testing increased to triple safety checks and 11 consecutive clean lots before any lots passed
• p129 Vaccine Evaluation Center in Ann Arbor ca. 1955

• p130 newly created Department of Health, Education, and Welfare

• p131 Salk said "There is no patent. Could you patent the sun?"

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• p139 Ch15 Great Themes and Dirty Little Secrets

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• p143 Ch16 The War on Influenza

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• p151 Ch17 Forged in the Crucible of War

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• p139 Ch18 Smallpox in a Land of Ancient Wisdom

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• p167 Ch19 The Final Defeat of Smallpox

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• p172

• p173 Ch20 Invisible Weapons of War

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• p179 Ch21 Benefits, Risks, and Fears

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• p191 Ch22 Inspiration in the Global Village

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• p199 Ch23 A Team of Many Colors

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• p215 Ch24 The Milkmaid and the Cuckoo

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