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.p106 Cleveland Potash Ltd [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulby_Mine | Boulby mine ]] 1400 meters deep, 1000 km of underground roads .[[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhalite | polyhalite mineral ]] K₂Ca₂Mg(SO₄)₄·2H₂O . 1 million tonnes of [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potash | Potash ]] per year, now 1 million tonnes of polyhalite .p107 microbes may multiply once every few thousand years .p107 [[ https://www.ukri.org/news/uk-underground-laboratory-host-worlds-deepest-farming-study/ | Boulby Underground Science Facility ]], tunnels 30℃, 86℉ .p109 Center of Earth: Pressure 360 GPa, Temperature 5700K . . . 10 km down, 100℃ .p109 chemical reaction rate doubles per 10℃, faster biomolecule breakdown .p110 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthermophile | hyperthermophiles above 80℃ ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanopyrus | Methanopyrus kandleri ]] can reproduce at 122℃ / 250℉ .p113 no replicating life below -20℃ .p114 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychrophile | psychrophile ]] microbes grow best below 15℃ .p116 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrero_Negro | Guerrero Negro ]] salt works Baja California, world's largest salt works, 9e9 kg per year .p116 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halophile | halophile microbes ]] tolerate salt .p118 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_activity | water activity ]] most microbes need 0.95, rare microbes tolerate 0.6 .p120 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Mountain_Mine | Iron Mountain ]] streams pH 1 (~battery acid), [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidophile | acidophiles ]] .p121 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_Lake | Mono Lake ]] pH 10 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaliphile | alkaliphiles ]] .p121 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyan_Rift_Valley | Kenyan Rift Valley ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Magadi | Lake Magadi ]] pH 11 .p123 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroococcidiopsis | Chroococcidiopsis ]] cyanobacterium tolerates 15 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_(unit) | kilograys ]], 1.5 Megarad, 15 grays lethal to humans |
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.p125 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork_rind | pork scratchings ]] .p128 DNA four codons distinguishable, more codons insufficiently distinguishable, more copying errors .p133 3 letter amino acid code results from very specific selection .p134 of a million alternatives, our DNA code more resistant to mistranslation errors .p137 2011 [[ https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/106944933/ast.2010.056720231026-1-fov4d8-libre.pdf | Did Evolution Select a Nonrandom ‘‘Alphabet’’of Amino Acids? ]] |
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.p209 [[ https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1197258 |Science 2010 RETRACTED: A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus ]] DNA with arsenic substituting for DNA phosphorus in alkaline [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_Lake | Mono Lake ]] .p210 DNA halflife with phosphorus 30MY, with arsenic 60 milliseconds .p210 sugars containing arsenic in some seaweeds, [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenobetaine | arsenobetaine ]] in some fish, algae, lobsters .p211 selenium in amino acid [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenocysteine | selenocysteine,]] resists oxidation |
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| .p224 [[ | ]] | .p224 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-puff | puffy planets ]], low density ( <0.1 water) exoplanets |
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.p239 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalism | vitalism ]] mythical life force or energy beyond ordinary chemistry and physics .p246 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per-Olov_L%C3%B6wdin | Per-Olov Löwdin ]] quantum effects mutate DNA .p253 Folded wrinkled human gut surface 250m², [[ | Ediacaran ]] fauna flat, facilitating diffusion from surface |
The Equations Of Life
How Physics Shapes Evolution
- Multco Hillsdale . 576.801 C6661e . 2018
- pix Preface
p001 Ch01 Life's Silent Commander
- p02 Compare massive star to ladybug
p019 Ch02 Organizing the Multitudes
p024 active matter physics, Tamás Vicsek
- p026 formula for probability of ant choosing a pheromone trail marked by a prior ant or ants, not usable without examples and numbers
- p027 formulas obscured when many ants swarm towards multiple goals
- p028 self-organizing behavior, not supervised but seeming so
- p034 birds save energy by flying in formation and coordinating wing beats, minimizing downwash effects
- p035 18yo Cockell in the Canadian north, banding birds caught in nets, then released
- different ducks behaved differently, unique individual "personalities"
- p035 Physics trumps individuality
- p036 cellular cytoskeleton proteins self-organize
p037 kinesin (anterograde) and myosin (retrograde) motor molecules crawl along polar tubulin filaments
p039 Ch03 The Physics of the Ladybug
p045 chiten 10% steel strength, 10x keratin/hair strength
p055 irrefragable irrefutable, indisputable
p055 hemolymph insect body fluid comparable to vertebrate blood
p056 mathematical olio heterogeneous hodgepodge
p059 Ch04 All Creatures Great and Small
p061 mole tolerance of high CO₂ Talpidae "true moles" in Europe, Asia, North America; marsupials in Australia with similar shape and burrowing physics
- p067 no propellers on fish, but flagella on microbes, 600 body lengths per second
p068 low Reynolds numbers at small scale, viscosity dominates inertia
p069 On Growth and Form 1917, by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson
- p070 "first serious attempt to demonstrate the mathematical regularity of life"
p070 some accuse Thompson of vitalism; instead, life is bounded by laws
- p076 biological inherency, similar structures modified to suit laws prevailing in different environments
- p077 transition from sea to land "required several experiments to succeed"
p080 SSH Sonic Hedgehog protein gene signals limb formation, suppressed in snakes
p083 Ch05 Bundles of Life
p087 phospholipid membrane molecules hydrophobic inner carbon chains, hydrophilic outer head, bilayer array into membranes
p088 David Deamer at UC Santa Cruz extracted lipids from meteorites, which spontaneously formed bilayer vesicles
p089 Pyruvic acid can also make membranes
p091 U. Edinburgh scientists tested thousands of alternate molecular pathways, routes used by life produce more compounds than all possible alternatives
- p092 pathways might flexibly mutate to other pathways, but nature evolved towards the optimum
p092 np285 Barve 2014: Historical contingency and the gradual evolution of metabolic properties in central carbon and genome-scale metabolisms
p095 Most microbial membranes surrounded by a peptidoglycan wall, "like a chicken wire mesh"
p095 np287 Persat 2014: The curved shape of Caulobacter crescentus enhances surface colonization in flow
p097 Gram-positive bacteria peptidoglycan cell wall with inner membrane but no outer membrane
p097 Gram-negative bacteria peptidoglycan cell wall sandwiched between an inner and outer membrane
- p098 Simpler Gram-positive bacteria more susceptible to antibiotics
p103 Slime mold cells gather into tentacles and move towards nutrients
p105 Ch06 The Edge of Life
p106 Cleveland Potash Ltd Boulby mine 1400 meters deep, 1000 km of underground roads
polyhalite mineral K₂Ca₂Mg(SO₄)₄·2H₂O . 1 million tonnes of Potash per year, now 1 million tonnes of polyhalite
- p107 microbes may multiply once every few thousand years
p107 Boulby Underground Science Facility, tunnels 30℃, 86℉
- p109 Center of Earth: Pressure 360 GPa, Temperature 5700K . . . 10 km down, 100℃
- p109 chemical reaction rate doubles per 10℃, faster biomolecule breakdown
p110 hyperthermophiles above 80℃ Methanopyrus kandleri can reproduce at 122℃ / 250℉
- p113 no replicating life below -20℃
p114 psychrophile microbes grow best below 15℃
p116 Guerrero Negro salt works Baja California, world's largest salt works, 9e9 kg per year
p116 halophile microbes tolerate salt
p118 water activity most microbes need 0.95, rare microbes tolerate 0.6
p120 Iron Mountain streams pH 1 (~battery acid), acidophiles
p121 Mono Lake pH 10 alkaliphiles
p121 Kenyan Rift Valley Lake Magadi pH 11
p123 Chroococcidiopsis cyanobacterium tolerates 15 kilograys, 1.5 Megarad, 15 grays lethal to humans
p125 Ch07 The Code of Life
p125 pork scratchings
- p128 DNA four codons distinguishable, more codons insufficiently distinguishable, more copying errors
- p133 3 letter amino acid code results from very specific selection
- p134 of a million alternatives, our DNA code more resistant to mistranslation errors
p137 2011 Did Evolution Select a Nonrandom ‘‘Alphabet’’of Amino Acids?
p145 Ch08 Of Sandwiches and Sulfur
p167 Ch09 Water, the Liquid of Life
p195 Ch10 The Atoms Of Life
p209 Science 2010 RETRACTED: A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus DNA with arsenic substituting for DNA phosphorus in alkaline Mono Lake
- p210 DNA halflife with phosphorus 30MY, with arsenic 60 milliseconds
p210 sugars containing arsenic in some seaweeds, arsenobetaine in some fish, algae, lobsters
p211 selenium in amino acid selenocysteine, resists oxidation
p217 Ch11 Universal Biology
p224 puffy planets, low density ( <0.1 water) exoplanets
p239 Ch12 The Laws of Life: Evolution and Physics Unified
p239 vitalism mythical life force or energy beyond ordinary chemistry and physics
p246 Per-Olov Löwdin quantum effects mutate DNA
p253 Folded wrinkled human gut surface 250m², Ediacaran fauna flat, facilitating diffusion from surface
p259 Acknowledgements
p263 Notes
p325 Index