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 . [[ Mehran Gul | https://mehrangul.com/ ]] . 2026 . Bvtn Lib 338.084  . [[ https://mehrangul.com/ | Mehran Gul ]] . 2026 . Bvtn Lib 338.084
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 .p115n [[ https://www.radixdlt.com/blog/blockchains-are-broken-here-is-why | Radix Blog 2018 Feb. 8 "Why blockchains don't scale"  .p115n [[ https://www.radixdlt.com/blog/blockchains-are-broken-here-is-why | Radix Blog 2018 Feb. 8 "Why blockchains don't scale" ]]
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  . '''wrong!''' Neither Mehran Gul nor blogger Dan Hughes mentions [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle_tree | Merkel Trees ]], which is how many individual transaction hashes are combined into trees of hierarchical hashes and and one top hash. For a binary tree of N transactios, the hash process to VERIFY '''ONE''' individual transaction uses order log2(N) time. Tracing a single transaction out of a million transactions takes only twice as long as one out of a thousand transactions, and one out of a trillion takes only twice as long as a million. Meanwhile, computation continues to get faster, hence as the tree grows from a million to a trillion, the hardware speed will more than double, and the verification time will become smaller.   . '''wrong!''' Neither Mehran Gul nor blogger Dan Hughes mentions [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle_tree | Merkel Trees ]], which is how many individual transaction hashes are combined into trees of hierarchical hashes and and one root hash. For a binary tree of N transactions, the hash process to VERIFY '''ONE''' individual transaction uses order log2(N) time. Tracing a single transaction out of a million transactions takes only twice as long as one out of a thousand transactions, and one out of a trillion takes only twice as long as a million. Meanwhile, computation continues to get faster, hence as the tree grows from a million to a trillion, the hardware speed will more than double, and the verification time will become smaller.
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The New Geography of Innovation

The Global Contest for Breakthrough Technologies

.p001 Introduction , Cpitalism with an Emoji Face

  • p009 Fig 1: Top ten #private >$B tech companies - US 1720, China 438, UK 183, Israel 119, India 117 ... 10

  • p010 Fig 2: Top ten venture dollars invested - US 190.2, China 38.5 , UK 16.2, India 13.5, ... 3.4
  • p012 Fig 4: WIPO Global Innovation Index - Switzerland 66, Sweden 62.6, US 61.7, ... 56.6 China

.p015 Ch1 . The Precocious Student

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.p055 Ch2 . Steeples of Excellence

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.p097 Ch3 . Busting Monasteries

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  • p115n Radix Blog 2018 Feb. 8 "Why blockchains don't scale"

    • "Every node processes each and every transaction, keeping a record of the entire blockchain."

    • wrong! Neither Mehran Gul nor blogger Dan Hughes mentions Merkel Trees, which is how many individual transaction hashes are combined into trees of hierarchical hashes and and one root hash. For a binary tree of N transactions, the hash process to VERIFY ONE individual transaction uses order log2(N) time. Tracing a single transaction out of a million transactions takes only twice as long as one out of a thousand transactions, and one out of a trillion takes only twice as long as a million. Meanwhile, computation continues to get faster, hence as the tree grows from a million to a trillion, the hardware speed will more than double, and the verification time will become smaller.

    • organizing and distributing all that data is a challenge; the global cost of that may be much larger than the block reward in bitcoins, but that cost is distributed among thousands (millions?) of miners and aggregators
  • p116n 2014 New Yorker, 2024 Dec. 15 John Colapinto "Material Question"
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  • here is where I stopped reading; another library patron wants the book. The book isn't great, so I may not request it again

.p137 Ch4 . Hyper Gap

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.p168 Ch5 . Smart Nation

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.p201 Ch6 . Small Wonder

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.p236 Ch7 . The New Mittelstand

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.p267 Ch8 . Importing Genius

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.p300 Conclusion . Social Animals

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GeographyInnovation (last edited 2026-06-19 02:40:05 by KeithLofstrom)