Diff for "NuclearShort"

Nuclear Physics, A Very Short Introduction

Frank Close 2015, Tigard Lib 539.7 CLO

• p11 1909-11 Rutherford and Marsden bombard gold foil with alphas, 1/10000 bounce back, demonstrates dense positive nucleus less than 1e-12 by volume.
• p12 1913 Bohr "planetary" model for electron, except solar system planets denser than electrons in atoms
• p13 quarks smaller than 1e-4 nuclear radius

• p15 Patrick Blackett 1921-4 23,000 cloud chamber photographs of alphas bombarding nitrogen, eight examples of proton ejection and an oxygen

• p19 Chadwick neutron 1932

• p23 Pauli hypothesized neutrino 1931

  • proton, neutron, electron, neutrino spin 1/2

• p25Joliot-Curies irradiated aluminum with alpha (helium) particles from radium (or polonium?), produced phosphorus-30 with 3 minute half life

• p26 Al[13p14n] + He[2p2n] => n + P[15p15n] ( 3 min ) => Si[16p14n] + positron + neutrino

• p26 1935 Nobel, Frédéric suggests "transmutations of an explosive type"

• p27 Hahn and Strassmann fission 1938, Fermi slow neutrons with paraffin or water so they don't shatter nuclei

• 027 Lisa Meitner and Otto Frisch liquid drop model, instability, fission

• 028 Planck law E=hv

• 032 Strong force, neutron stability in nucleus

• 036 pions emitted when neutrons or protons "pummeled"

• 037 ΔE × Δt ≈ 140MeV × 1e-23s < h/4π, hence pion range about 1 fm inside nucleus

• 038 quark binding force increases with distanc

• 040 Quark-gluon plasma beginning universe

• 041 Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider gold or lead atoms, 50x density compared to cold nuclei

• 041 Blue Riband

• 045 Magic number

  • most stable 2 helium, 8 oxygen, 20 calcium, 50 nickel, 82 tin, 126 lead, heavier nuclei unstable
  • half lives: Bi209 2e19y, Po209 124y, At219 8h, Rn222 92h, Fr223 22m, Ra226 1600y , Ac227 22y, Th232 14e9y, Pa231 32e3y, U2338 45e8y, Np237 2e6y, Pu239 24e3y, Pu244 8e7y,
• 055 Pairs of opposed spin nucleons have enhanced mutual attraction
  • Iron 56 is 26 protons, 30 neutrons

• 058 Technetium lightest unstable element, τεχνητός =artificial

• 059 Technetium star (enhanced technetium spectral line)

• 061 Universe first microsecond, equal quantities neutrons and protons, first three minutes surviving neutrons combine with protons
• 062 1e9 neutrinos per formed atom
• 065 at three minutes, 75% protons, 24% alphas
• 066 initial nucleosynthesis combines 3 alphas into carbon 12 simultaneously, very rare
• 067-72 stellar carbon synthesis

• 072-73 CNO cycle

• 074-75 Supernova nucleosynthesis

• 075-76 N14+n makesCarbon 14, half life 5730 years

• 076-77 isotope ratios ( lead, rubidium, strontium ) -> 3.8GY rocks, 4.6GY meteorites

• 081 neutrons from U-235 fission breed U238 into Pu238
• 085 tonne of spent nuclear fuel produces 100g americium and 20 grams curium
• 087 Arguments about element names
• 087 Possible island of stability for element 126 (Oganesson 118 heaviest discovered)
• 088 Neutron stars may have very heavy elements
• 091 r-process supernovae may produce atomic weight 270

• 093 Halo nuclei such as He6, Be11, Li11

• 094 Borromean rings nuclei

• 095 Hypernuclei

• 096 Strange matter

• 098 Antimatter- antihydrogen, antideuterium, antihelium

  • estimated cost $25B for one gram of antimater

• 106 forensics via induced radioactivity: overpainted art, nitrogen in explosives, arsenic in Napoleon's hair

• 109 Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy

• 109 Particle-induced X-ray emission PIXE

• 110 (nuclear) Magnetic resonance imaging

• 112 Positron emission tomography

Note, reference Nuclear Power A.V.S.I. by Maxwell Irvine 2011 online at Internet Archive Digital Library. Some about plasma fusion physics, but not much help calculating fusion cross section.