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| .p12 1913 Bohr "planetary" model for electron, except solar system planets denser than electrons in atoms .p13 quarks smaller than 1e-4 nuclear radius |
.p12 1913 Bohr "planetary" model for electron, except solar system planets denser than electrons in atoms .p13 quarks smaller than 1e-4 nuclear radius .p15 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett | Patrick Blackett ]] 1921-4 23,000 cloud chamber photographs of alphas bombarding nitrogen, eight examples of proton ejection and an oxygen .p19 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick | Chadwick ]] neutron 1932 .p23 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&search=Wolfgang+Pauli&wprov=acrw1_0 | Pauli ]] hypothesized neutrino 1931 . proton, neutron, electron, neutrino spin 1/2 .p25[[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie | Joliot-Curie ]]s irradiated aluminum with alpha (helium) particles from radium (or polonium?), produced phosphorus-30 with 3 minute half life .p26 Al[13p14n] + He[2p2n] => n + P[15p15n] ( 3 min ) => Si[16p14n] + positron + neutrino .p26 1935 Nobel, Frédéric suggests "transmutations of an explosive type" .p27 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hahn | Hahn ]] and [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Strassmann | Strassmann ]] fission 1938, Fermi slow neutrons with paraffin or water so they don't shatter nuclei .027 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lise_Meitner | Lisa Meitner ]] and [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Robert_Frisch | Otto Frisch ]] liquid drop model, instability, fission .028 Planck law E=hv .032 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction | Strong force ]], neutron stability in nucleus .036 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pion | pions ]] emitted when neutrons or protons "pummeled" .037 ΔE × Δt ≈ 140MeV × 1e-23s < h/4π, hence pion range about 1 fm inside nucleus .038 quark binding force ''increases'' with distanc .040 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma | Quark-gluon plasma ]] beginning universe .041 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_Heavy_Ion_Collider | Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider ]] gold or lead atoms, 50x density compared to cold nuclei .041 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Riband | Blue Riband ]] .045 [[ Magic number | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_number_(physics) ]] . most stable 2 helium, 8 oxygen, 20 calcium, 50 nickel, 82 tin, 126 lead, heavier nuclei unstable . half lives: Bi209 2e19y, Po209 124y, At219 8h, Rn222 92h, Fr223 22m, Ra226 1600y , Ac227 22y, Th232 14e9y, Pa231 32e3y, U2338 45e8y, Np237 2e6y, Pu239 24e3y, Pu244 8e7y, .055 Pairs of opposed spin nucleons have enhanced mutual attraction . Iron 56 is 26 protons, 30 neutrons .058 [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium | Technetium ]] lightest unstable element, τεχνητός =artificial .03 [[ | ]] .03 [[ | ]] .03 [[ | ]] |
Nuclear Physics, A Very Short Introduction
Frank Close 2015, Tigard Lib 539.7 CLO
- p11 1909-11 Rutherford and Marsden bombard gold foil with alphas, 1/10000 bounce back, demonstrates dense positive nucleus less than 1e-12 by volume.
- p12 1913 Bohr "planetary" model for electron, except solar system planets denser than electrons in atoms
- p13 quarks smaller than 1e-4 nuclear radius
p15 Patrick Blackett 1921-4 23,000 cloud chamber photographs of alphas bombarding nitrogen, eight examples of proton ejection and an oxygen
p19 Chadwick neutron 1932
p23 Pauli hypothesized neutrino 1931
- proton, neutron, electron, neutrino spin 1/2
p25Joliot-Curies irradiated aluminum with alpha (helium) particles from radium (or polonium?), produced phosphorus-30 with 3 minute half life
p26 Al[13p14n] + He[2p2n] => n + P[15p15n] ( 3 min ) => Si[16p14n] + positron + neutrino
- p26 1935 Nobel, Frédéric suggests "transmutations of an explosive type"
p27 Hahn and Strassmann fission 1938, Fermi slow neutrons with paraffin or water so they don't shatter nuclei
027 Lisa Meitner and Otto Frisch liquid drop model, instability, fission
- 028 Planck law E=hv
032 Strong force, neutron stability in nucleus
036 pions emitted when neutrons or protons "pummeled"
037 ΔE × Δt ≈ 140MeV × 1e-23s < h/4π, hence pion range about 1 fm inside nucleus
038 quark binding force increases with distanc
040 Quark-gluon plasma beginning universe
041 Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider gold or lead atoms, 50x density compared to cold nuclei
041 Blue Riband
045 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_number_(physics)
- most stable 2 helium, 8 oxygen, 20 calcium, 50 nickel, 82 tin, 126 lead, heavier nuclei unstable
- half lives: Bi209 2e19y, Po209 124y, At219 8h, Rn222 92h, Fr223 22m, Ra226 1600y , Ac227 22y, Th232 14e9y, Pa231 32e3y, U2338 45e8y, Np237 2e6y, Pu239 24e3y, Pu244 8e7y,
- 055 Pairs of opposed spin nucleons have enhanced mutual attraction
- Iron 56 is 26 protons, 30 neutrons
058 Technetium lightest unstable element, τεχνητός =artificial
More later
Note, reference Nuclear Power A.V.S.I. by Maxwell Irvine 2011 online at Internet Archive Digital Library. Some about plasma fusion physics, but not much help calculating fusion cross section.