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| .p054 [[ https://www.cspi.org/ | CSPI ]] Center for Science in the Public Interest and .p054 NHSA(?) pushed trans-fats as a healthy alternative |
.p054 [[ https://www.cspi.org/ | CSPI ]] Center for Science in the Public Interest .p054 and NHSA(?) pushed trans-fats as a healthy alternative |
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| .p056 [[ | ]] .p057 [[ | ]] .p058 [[ | ]] .p058 [[ | ]] .p059 [[ | ]] |
.p056 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Additives_Amendment_of_1958 | Food and Additives Amendment ]] grandfathered pre-1958 foods, [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine | Institute of Medicine ]] petitioned transfat removal in 1994 .p057 Harvard nutritionist [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Willett | Walter Willett ]] recommended margarine in 1980s, "sending them to their graves prematurely" .p057 2006 FDA required trans-fats on nutrition labels .p058 products with less than 0.5g transfat can claim 0g transfat on the nutrition label .p058 avoid "partially hydrogenated vegetable oil on nutrition label .p059 "Welsh study showed exactly the opposite" (that trans-fat was bad) |
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.p062 farming without artificial fertilizer feeds less than 4 billion people. .p063 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber | Fritz Haber ]] 1868-1934 .p066 1912 Germany imported 900,000 tonnes of nitrates, mostly from Chile, potential naval blockade .p067 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe_Institute_of_Technology | University of Karlsruhe ]] and [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASF | BASF ]], more German Nobel Prizes .p068 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_bond | N₂ triple bond ]] "strongest in nature" 945 kJ/mol (natural carbon monoxide 1072 kJ/mol is 50-100 ppb) .p070 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Le_Rossignol | Robert Le Rossignol ]] engineered first tabletop "Haber" process .p071 Output increase from 0.005% to 8% "logarithmically better" oopsie, should be "exponentially better" .p071 Industrial scaleup by [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Bosch | Carl Bosch ]], founder of [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IG_Farben | IG Farben ]] .p072 by 1911, 8000 pounds of ammonia per day .p072 1913 [[ https://www.basf.com/global/en/who-we-are/history/chronology/1902-1924/1913 | Oppau ]] plant produced 60,000 tons of ammonia per year .p073 "Today" 130 million tons of nitrogen fertilizer .p074 [[ https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3994/3/3/26 | Ammonia Production Plants—A Review ]] .p074 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_production#Production_plants | M.W. Kellogg ]] 1960s most efficient ammonia manufacturing .p074 Chinese obesity, 30% of Beijing overweight .p075 Donaldson Louisiana largest nitrogen producing plant, 8 million tonnes per year .p075 [[ https://www.ucs.org/about/news/nitrogen-farms-cause-24-billion-gulf-dead-zone-damage | dead zone ]] in Gulf of Mexico larger than New Jersey .p076 excess nitrogen also from food animal manure .p077 1914 Germany invaded neutral Belgium, Haber and 90+ other German scientists signed manifesto defending the war .p078 1915 Haber produces 150 T/day ammonium nitrate explosive .p078 1917 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuna_works | Leuna plant ]] produced 240,000 T/y .p079 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer | Speer: ]] If Allies had focused on destroying Leuna plant, WWII could have ended in eight weeks .p081 1916, Haber chief of Chemical Warfare Service, 2000 scientists .p081 chlorine gas, immediate death, heavier than air and spreads down into trenches .p081 violation of 1907 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907 | Hague Convention ]], signed by Germany .p082 Haber releases 150 tonnes of chlorine near 1915 Ypres, witnessed by future Nobel Prize winners [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hahn | Otto Hahn, ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz | Gustav Hertz, ]] [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Franck | James Franck, ]] and [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Geiger | Hans Geiger ]] .p083 Haber's chemist wife [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Immerwahr | Clara, ]] first Phd for German woman, suicide after Fritz supervises chemical weapon attack |
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| .p104 [[ | ]] | .p104 [[ | ]]Support |
Pandora's Lab
Seven Stories of Science Gone Wrong
- Paul A. Offit, M.D. . 2017 . 500 OFFIT 2017 . Hillsboro Library
p001 Introduction
p015 Chapter 1 - God's Own Medicine
p022 Alexander Wood invented first hypodermic needle 1853 to administer morphine (rather than orally), believed that injection would "cure the appetite" for morphine addiction.
- "Pandora" repeats myth that morphine overdose injection killed his wife, who actually outlived him by 10 years.
p024 Heinrich Dreser responsible for aspirin and heroin and codeine at Bayer AG
p025 Eli Lilly "safe" heroin distributed over-the-counter without prescription in the US in 1900, JAMA "standard of care" in 1906
- p025 1906 JAMA: heroin standard of care for many respiratory ailments; by 1910 doctors aware of addiction, use declined
p027 next, thebaine a different opium compound. oxycodone the synthetic form in 1916,
p028 Purdue OxyContin time release tablet releases immediate addictive dose if chewed
p041 Chapter 2 - The Great Margarine Mistake
p043 Ancel Keys urged fat restriction
po44 1977 McGovern report food guidelines authored by Nick Mottern non-scientist reporter
p048 The 1977 report conflated unhealthy saturated fats with healthy, essential unsaturated fats (some double bonds between carbons)
p050 margarine unhealthy trans-fats
Monounsaturated fat healthiest; olive oil, algal oil, and omega-3 fatty acids
- p051 Cis-unsaturated fats (two adjacent "missing" hydrogens at a double carbon bond) are liquids because the molecules bend and don't stack into a solid
p052 Trans fat molecules straight and unhealthy
p053 Crisco Crystalized cottonseed oil, hydrogenated
p054 CSPI Center for Science in the Public Interest
- p054 and NHSA(?) pushed trans-fats as a healthy alternative
- p055 replacing trans-fats with other unsaturated fats reduced heart disease by 33% (or 53%)
p056 Food and Additives Amendment grandfathered pre-1958 foods, Institute of Medicine petitioned transfat removal in 1994
p057 Harvard nutritionist Walter Willett recommended margarine in 1980s, "sending them to their graves prematurely"
- p057 2006 FDA required trans-fats on nutrition labels
- p058 products with less than 0.5g transfat can claim 0g transfat on the nutrition label
- p058 avoid "partially hydrogenated vegetable oil on nutrition label
- p059 "Welsh study showed exactly the opposite" (that trans-fat was bad)
p061 Chapter 3 - Blood From Air
- p062 farming without artificial fertilizer feeds less than 4 billion people.
p063 Fritz Haber 1868-1934
- p066 1912 Germany imported 900,000 tonnes of nitrates, mostly from Chile, potential naval blockade
p067 University of Karlsruhe and BASF, more German Nobel Prizes
p068 N₂ triple bond "strongest in nature" 945 kJ/mol (natural carbon monoxide 1072 kJ/mol is 50-100 ppb)
p070 Robert Le Rossignol engineered first tabletop "Haber" process
- p071 Output increase from 0.005% to 8% "logarithmically better" oopsie, should be "exponentially better"
p071 Industrial scaleup by Carl Bosch, founder of IG Farben
- p072 by 1911, 8000 pounds of ammonia per day
p072 1913 Oppau plant produced 60,000 tons of ammonia per year
- p073 "Today" 130 million tons of nitrogen fertilizer
p074 M.W. Kellogg 1960s most efficient ammonia manufacturing
- p074 Chinese obesity, 30% of Beijing overweight
- p075 Donaldson Louisiana largest nitrogen producing plant, 8 million tonnes per year
p075 dead zone in Gulf of Mexico larger than New Jersey
- p076 excess nitrogen also from food animal manure
- p077 1914 Germany invaded neutral Belgium, Haber and 90+ other German scientists signed manifesto defending the war
- p078 1915 Haber produces 150 T/day ammonium nitrate explosive
p078 1917 Leuna plant produced 240,000 T/y
p079 Speer: If Allies had focused on destroying Leuna plant, WWII could have ended in eight weeks
- p081 1916, Haber chief of Chemical Warfare Service, 2000 scientists
- p081 chlorine gas, immediate death, heavier than air and spreads down into trenches
p081 violation of 1907 Hague Convention, signed by Germany
p082 Haber releases 150 tonnes of chlorine near 1915 Ypres, witnessed by future Nobel Prize winners Otto Hahn, Gustav Hertz, James Franck, and Hans Geiger
p083 Haber's chemist wife Clara, first Phd for German woman, suicide after Fritz supervises chemical weapon attack
p097 Chapter 4 America's Master Race
p131 Chapter 5 - Turning the Mind Inside Out
p161 Chapter 6 - The Mosquito Liberation Front
p213 Chapter 8 - Learning From the Past
- p243 Acknowledgements
- p273 About the Author
- p275 Index