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| .p245 [[ | John Grant ]] 2006 [[ | Bogus Science ]] | .p245 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Grant_(author) | John Grant ]] 2006 [[https://www.amazon.com/Bogus-Science-People-Really-Believe/dp/1904332870 | Bogus Science ]] |
Pandora's Lab
Seven Stories of Science Gone Wrong
- Paul A. Offit, M.D. . 2017 . 500 OFFIT 2017 . Hillsboro Library
p001 Introduction
p015 Chapter 1 - God's Own Medicine
p022 Alexander Wood invented first hypodermic needle 1853 to administer morphine (rather than orally), believed that injection would "cure the appetite" for morphine addiction.
- "Pandora" repeats myth that morphine overdose injection killed his wife, who actually outlived him by 10 years.
p024 Heinrich Dreser responsible for aspirin and heroin and codeine at Bayer AG
p025 Eli Lilly "safe" heroin distributed over-the-counter without prescription in the US in 1900, JAMA "standard of care" in 1906
- p025 1906 JAMA: heroin standard of care for many respiratory ailments; by 1910 doctors aware of addiction, use declined
p027 next, thebaine a different opium compound. oxycodone the synthetic form in 1916,
p028 Purdue OxyContin time release tablet releases immediate addictive dose if chewed
p041 Chapter 2 - The Great Margarine Mistake
p043 Ancel Keys urged fat restriction
po44 1977 McGovern report food guidelines authored by Nick Mottern non-scientist reporter
p048 The 1977 report conflated unhealthy saturated fats with healthy, essential unsaturated fats (some double bonds between carbons)
p050 margarine unhealthy trans-fats
Monounsaturated fat healthiest; olive oil, algal oil, and omega-3 fatty acids
- p051 Cis-unsaturated fats (two adjacent "missing" hydrogens at a double carbon bond) are liquids because the molecules bend and don't stack into a solid
p052 Trans fat molecules straight and unhealthy
p053 Crisco Crystalized cottonseed oil, hydrogenated
p054 CSPI Center for Science in the Public Interest
- p054 and NHSA(?) pushed trans-fats as a healthy alternative
- p055 replacing trans-fats with other unsaturated fats reduced heart disease by 33% (or 53%)
p056 Food and Additives Amendment grandfathered pre-1958 foods, Institute of Medicine petitioned transfat removal in 1994
p057 Harvard nutritionist Walter Willett recommended margarine in 1980s, "sending them to their graves prematurely"
- p057 2006 FDA required trans-fats on nutrition labels
- p058 products with less than 0.5g transfat can claim 0g transfat on the nutrition label
- p058 avoid "partially hydrogenated vegetable oil on nutrition label
- p059 "Welsh study showed exactly the opposite" (that trans-fat was bad)
p061 Chapter 3 - Blood From Air
- p062 farming without artificial fertilizer feeds less than 4 billion people.
p063 Fritz Haber 1868-1934
- p066 1912 Germany imported 900,000 tonnes of nitrates, mostly from Chile, potential naval blockade
p067 University of Karlsruhe and BASF, more German Nobel Prizes
p068 N₂ triple bond "strongest in nature" 945 kJ/mol (natural carbon monoxide 1072 kJ/mol is 50-100 ppb)
p070 Robert Le Rossignol engineered first tabletop "Haber" process
- p071 Output increase from 0.005% to 8% "logarithmically better" oopsie, should be "exponentially better"
p071 Industrial scaleup by Carl Bosch, founder of IG Farben
- p072 by 1911, 8000 pounds of ammonia per day
p072 1913 Oppau plant produced 60,000 tons of ammonia per year
- p073 "Today" 130 million tons of nitrogen fertilizer
p074 M.W. Kellogg 1960s most efficient ammonia manufacturing
- p074 Chinese obesity, 30% of Beijing overweight
- p075 Donaldson Louisiana largest nitrogen producing plant, 8 million tonnes per year
p075 dead zone in Gulf of Mexico larger than New Jersey
- p076 excess nitrogen also from food animal manure
- p077 1914 Germany invaded neutral Belgium, Haber and 90+ other German scientists signed manifesto defending the war
- p078 1915 Haber produces 150 T/day ammonium nitrate explosive
p078 1917 Leuna plant produced 240,000 T/y
p079 Speer: If Allies had focused on destroying Leuna plant, WWII could have ended in eight weeks
- p081 1916, Haber chief of Chemical Warfare Service, 2000 scientists
- p081 chlorine gas, immediate death, heavier than air and spreads down into trenches
p081 violation of 1907 Hague Convention, signed by Germany
p082 Haber releases 150 tonnes of chlorine near 1915 Ypres, witnessed by future Nobel Prize winners Otto Hahn, Gustav Hertz, James Franck, and Hans Geiger
p083 Haber's chemist wife Clara, first Phd for German woman, suicide 1915 after Fritz supervises chemical weapon attack
- p084 Haber's son Hermann 1946 Nov 9 suicide in Watertown NY age 44. Hermann's daughter Claire researched antidote for chlorine gas, also committed suicide
p085 Fritz Haber also produced phosgene and mustard gas for warfare
- p086 more than 1M disabled and 26K killed by WW1 chemical weapons
p086 Treaty of Versailles also forbid chemical weapons
- p087 Haber exported them, calling his production "oil and refinery plants"
- p088 Jewish ancestry Haber forced to resign after Hitler
- p090 Carl Bosch died 1940, depression and alcoholism
p091 Chaim Weizmann meets exiled Haber in Switzerland
- p092 Haber dies 1934, buried in Basel Switzerland
p093 Haber also developed Zyklon as a pesticide
- p094 Several Haber relatives murdered with Zyklon B at Auschwitz and Treblinka
p097 Chapter 4 America's Master Race
p097 contra Trump, first generation Mexican immigrants commit fewer crimes than native-born Americans
- p098 immigrants come to work, stay out of trouble to avoid deportation
p098 anti-immigrant Ted Cruz son of 1957 Cuban immigrant
p100 Francis Galton 1869 book Hereditary Genius, called his plan eugenics
- p103 antisocial traits not determined by genetics
p104 Eugenics Record Office supported by (p104) Carnegie Foundation, Rockefeller Institute, Mrs E. H. Harriman, and George Eastman
p105 Margaret Sanger connected woman's right to choose with eugenics, "human weeds to be exterminated"
p105 also John Harvey Kellogg and George Bernard Shaw
- p107 US banned marriages: Alcoholics 4 states, epileptics 17, mentally ill 41, most in world until declared unconstitutional in 1967
p107 1917 film The Black Stork about "defective" baby allowed to die
p108 Carrie Buck b1906
- p109 forcibly sterilized 1927 for promiscuity and feeble mind
p111 Madison Grant 1916 pseudoscience book Passing of the Great Race inspired Hitler
p112 Grant also conservationist; designed zoos, 8 million acres of national parks incl. Redwood National Park
p131 Chapter 5 - Turning the Mind Inside Out
p161 Chapter 6 - The Mosquito Liberation Front
p213 Chapter 8 - Learning From the Past
- p243 Acknowledgements
- p245 Selected Bibliography
p245 John Grant 2006 Bogus Science
p246 CDS 2012 Prescription Painkiller Overdoses In the US
p247 NYT 2014 Aug 4 Dealing With Opioid Abuse Would Pay for Itself
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- p273 About the Author
- p275 Index