Diff for "PandorasLab"

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Pandora's Lab

Seven Stories of Science Gone Wrong

• Paul A. Offit, M.D. . 2017 . 500 OFFIT 2017 . Hillsboro Library

• p001 Introduction

• p015 Chapter 1 - God's Own Medicine

• p016 alpha-narcotine papaverine thebaine

• p022 Alexander Wood invented first hypodermic needle 1853 to administer morphine (rather than orally), believed that injection would "cure the appetite" for morphine addiction.

  • "Pandora" repeats myth that morphine overdose injection killed his wife, who actually outlived him by 10 years.

• p024 Heinrich Dreser responsible for aspirin and heroin and codeine at Bayer AG

• p025 Eli Lilly "safe" heroin distributed over-the-counter without prescription in the US in 1900, JAMA "standard of care" in 1906

• p025 1906 JAMA: heroin standard of care for many respiratory ailments; by 1910 doctors aware of addiction, use declined

• p027 next, thebaine a different opium compound. oxycodone the synthetic form in 1916,

• p028 Purdue OxyContin time release tablet releases immediate addictive dose if chewed

• p041 Chapter 2 - The Great Margarine Mistake

• p043 Ancel Keys urged fat restriction

• po44 1977 McGovern report food guidelines authored by Nick Mottern non-scientist reporter

• p048 The 1977 report conflated unhealthy saturated fats with healthy, essential unsaturated fats (some double bonds between carbons)

• p050 margarine unhealthy trans-fats

  • Monounsaturated fat healthiest; olive oil, algal oil, and omega-3 fatty acids

• p051 Cis-unsaturated fats (two adjacent "missing" hydrogens at a double carbon bond) are liquids because the molecules bend and don't stack into a solid

• p052 Trans fat molecules straight and unhealthy

• p053 Crisco Crystalized cottonseed oil, hydrogenated

• p054 CSPI Center for Science in the Public Interest

• p054 and NHSA(?) pushed trans-fats as a healthy alternative
• p055 replacing trans-fats with other unsaturated fats reduced heart disease by 33% (or 53%)

• p056 vLDL worse than LDL, HDL best

• p056 Food and Additives Amendment grandfathered pre-1958 foods, Institute of Medicine petitioned transfat removal in 1994

• p057 Harvard nutritionist Walter Willett recommended margarine in 1980s, "sending them to their graves prematurely"

• p057 2006 FDA required trans-fats on nutrition labels
• p058 products with less than 0.5g transfat can claim 0g transfat on the nutrition label
• p058 avoid "partially hydrogenated vegetable oil on nutrition label
• p059 "Welsh study showed exactly the opposite" (that trans-fat was bad)

• p061 Chapter 3 - Blood From Air

• p062 farming without artificial fertilizer feeds less than 4 billion people.

• p063 Fritz Haber 1868-1934

• p066 1912 Germany imported 900,000 tonnes of nitrates, mostly from Chile, potential naval blockade

• p067 University of Karlsruhe and BASF, more German Nobel Prizes

• p068 N₂ triple bond "strongest in nature" 945 kJ/mol (natural carbon monoxide 1072 kJ/mol is 50-100 ppb)

• p070 Robert Le Rossignol engineered first tabletop "Haber" process

• p071 Output increase from 0.005% to 8% "logarithmically better" oopsie, should be "exponentially better"

• p071 Industrial scaleup by Carl Bosch, founder of IG Farben

• p072 by 1911, 8000 pounds of ammonia per day

• p072 1913 Oppau plant produced 60,000 tons of ammonia per year

• p073 "Today" 130 million tons of nitrogen fertilizer

• p074 Ammonia Production Plants—A Review

• p074 M.W. Kellogg 1960s most efficient ammonia manufacturing

• p074 Chinese obesity, 30% of Beijing overweight
• p075 Donaldson Louisiana largest nitrogen producing plant, 8 million tonnes per year

• p075 dead zone in Gulf of Mexico larger than New Jersey

• p076 excess nitrogen also from food animal manure
• p077 1914 Germany invaded neutral Belgium, Haber and 90+ other German scientists signed manifesto defending the war
• p078 1915 Haber produces 150 T/day ammonium nitrate explosive

• p078 1917 Leuna plant produced 240,000 T/y

• p079 Speer: If Allies had focused on destroying Leuna plant, WWII could have ended in eight weeks

• p081 1916, Haber chief of Chemical Warfare Service, 2000 scientists
• p081 chlorine gas, immediate death, heavier than air and spreads down into trenches

• p081 violation of 1907 Hague Convention, signed by Germany

• p082 Haber releases 150 tonnes of chlorine near 1915 Ypres, witnessed by future Nobel Prize winners Otto Hahn, Gustav Hertz, James Franck, and Hans Geiger

• p083 Haber's chemist wife Clara, first Phd for German woman, suicide 1915 after Fritz supervises chemical weapon attack

• p084 Haber's son Hermann 1946 Nov 9 suicide in Watertown NY age 44. Hermann's daughter Claire researched antidote for chlorine gas, also committed suicide

• p085 Fritz Haber also produced phosgene and mustard gas for warfare

• p086 more than 1M disabled and 26K killed by WW1 chemical weapons

• p086 Treaty of Versailles also forbid chemical weapons

• p087 Haber exported them, calling his production "oil and refinery plants"
• p088 Jewish ancestry Haber forced to resign after Hitler
• p090 Carl Bosch died 1940, depression and alcoholism

• p091 Chaim Weizmann meets exiled Haber in Switzerland

• p092 Haber dies 1934, buried in Basel Switzerland

• p093 Haber also developed Zyklon as a pesticide

• p094 Several Haber relatives murdered with Zyklon B at Auschwitz and Treblinka

• p097 Chapter 4 America's Master Race

• p097 contra Trump, first generation Mexican immigrants commit fewer crimes than native-born Americans

• p098 immigrants come to work, stay out of trouble to avoid deportation

• p098 anti-immigrant Ted Cruz son of 1957 Cuban immigrant

• p100 Francis Galton 1869 book Hereditary Genius, called his plan eugenics

• p101 Charles Davenport Cold Springs Harbor

• p103 antisocial traits not determined by genetics

• p104 Eugenics Record Office supported by (p104) Carnegie Foundation, Rockefeller Institute, Mrs E. H. Harriman, and George Eastman

• p105 Margaret Sanger connected woman's right to choose with eugenics, "human weeds to be exterminated"

• p105 also John Harvey Kellogg and George Bernard Shaw

• p107 US banned marriages: Alcoholics 4 states, epileptics 17, mentally ill 41, most in world until declared unconstitutional in 1967

• p107 1917 film The Black Stork about "defective" baby allowed to die

• p108 Carrie Buck b1906

• p109 forcibly sterilized 1927 for promiscuity and feeble mind

• p111 Madison Grant 1916 pseudoscience book Passing of the Great Race

• p112 Grant also conservationist; designed zoos, 8 million acres of national parks incl. Redwood National Park

• p116 Grant claimed all great men were Nordics, even King David and Jesus

• p118 geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan 1933 Nobel Prize, said only one "human" race.

• p121 Marcus Garvey also preached against assimilation, back to Africa

• p121 "... Great Race" and other American eugenics books inspired Hitler
• p122 listed as essential Nazi Party reading

• p122 Davenport, Grant, Francis Galton, Harry Laughlin, and Hitler all believed only Nordics should procreate, all were childless

• p123 1935 Nuremberg Laws praised by Eugenics Records Office

• p124 Editorials in JAMA American Journal of Public Health, and NEJM supported Hitler's eugenics efforts

• p124 anthropologist Dr. Otmar Freiherr von Vershuer

• p125 protege Dr. Josef Mengele

• p125 500 pairs of twins, Mengele's children
• p127 Only 200 of 3000 children survived Mengele, no recognizable information was obtained

• p128 Hational Park director Donald Murphy:

  • "Harmony among peoples comes from true principles and attitudes of the present, not from purging the past."

• p129 Lillian Hellman: "I cannot and will not cut my conscience to fit this year's fashions."

• p131 Chapter 5 - Turning the Mind Inside Out

• p132 Jeffrey Dahmer 1992 guilty of 15 counts of murder, 1994 beaten to death by fellow inmate

• p132 Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz 1935 lobotomy

• p134 20 more patients and many elsewhere

• p135 Phineas Gage 1848 frontal lobe destroyed, behavior and personality damaged

• p136 Moniz 1949 Nobel Prize, despite objections
• p146 Lobotomies survived through early 1970s because (1) desperation (2) full mental hospitals (3) hospitals hideous
• p147 Lobotomies weren't much worse than treatments like electroshock

• p147 Julius Wagner 1917 malaria therapy

• p148 syphilis spirochetes killed by high temperatures of fever

• p148 some Americans go to Mexico for malaria therapy to cure (imaginary) chronic Lyme disease

• p148 Manfred Sakel insulin shock therapy

• p148 Typical comas one or two months, many died
• p149 lobotomies "the therapies of despair"
• p150 Walter Freeman "drive through lobotomies'

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• p161 Chapter 6 - The Mosquito Liberation Front

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• p191 Chapter 7 - Nobel Prize Disease

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• p213 Chapter 8 - Learning From the Past

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• p241 Epilogue

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• p243 Acknowledgements

• p245 Selected Bibliography

• p245 John Grant 2006 Bogus Science

• p246 CDS 2012 Prescription Painkiller Overdoses In the US

• p247 NYT 2014 Aug 4 Dealing With Opioid Abuse Would Pay for Itself

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• p273 About the Author

• p275 Index