Differences between revisions 31 and 32
⇤ ← Revision 31 as of 2026-05-14 04:39:07 →
Size: 16958
Editor: KeithLofstrom
Comment:
← Revision 32 as of 2026-05-14 04:41:28 → ⇥
Size: 16965
Editor: KeithLofstrom
Comment:
Deletions are marked like this. Additions are marked like this.
Line 129: Line 129:
 .p150 Walter Freeman "drive through lobotomies'  .p150 [[ | Walter Freeman ]] "drive through lobotomies

Pandora's Lab

Seven Stories of Science Gone Wrong

  • Paul A. Offit, M.D. . 2017 . 500 OFFIT 2017 . Hillsboro Library

  • p001 Introduction

  • p015 Chapter 1 - God's Own Medicine

  • p016 alpha-narcotine papaverine thebaine

  • p022 Alexander Wood invented first hypodermic needle 1853 to administer morphine (rather than orally), believed that injection would "cure the appetite" for morphine addiction.

    • "Pandora" repeats myth that morphine overdose injection killed his wife, who actually outlived him by 10 years.

  • p024 Heinrich Dreser responsible for aspirin and heroin and codeine at Bayer AG

  • p025 Eli Lilly "safe" heroin distributed over-the-counter without prescription in the US in 1900, JAMA "standard of care" in 1906

  • p025 1906 JAMA: heroin standard of care for many respiratory ailments; by 1910 doctors aware of addiction, use declined

  • p027 next, thebaine a different opium compound. oxycodone the synthetic form in 1916,

  • p028 Purdue OxyContin time release tablet releases immediate addictive dose if chewed

  • p041 Chapter 2 - The Great Margarine Mistake

  • p043 Ancel Keys urged fat restriction

  • po44 1977 McGovern report food guidelines authored by Nick Mottern non-scientist reporter

  • p048 The 1977 report conflated unhealthy saturated fats with healthy, essential unsaturated fats (some double bonds between carbons)

  • p050 margarine unhealthy trans-fats

  • p051 Cis-unsaturated fats (two adjacent "missing" hydrogens at a double carbon bond) are liquids because the molecules bend and don't stack into a solid

  • p052 Trans fat molecules straight and unhealthy

  • p053 Crisco Crystalized cottonseed oil, hydrogenated

  • p054 CSPI Center for Science in the Public Interest

  • p054 and NHSA(?) pushed trans-fats as a healthy alternative
  • p055 replacing trans-fats with other unsaturated fats reduced heart disease by 33% (or 53%)

  • p056 vLDL worse than LDL, HDL best

  • p056 Food and Additives Amendment grandfathered pre-1958 foods, Institute of Medicine petitioned transfat removal in 1994

  • p057 Harvard nutritionist Walter Willett recommended margarine in 1980s, "sending them to their graves prematurely"

  • p057 2006 FDA required trans-fats on nutrition labels
  • p058 products with less than 0.5g transfat can claim 0g transfat on the nutrition label
  • p058 avoid "partially hydrogenated vegetable oil on nutrition label
  • p059 "Welsh study showed exactly the opposite" (that trans-fat was bad)

  • p061 Chapter 3 - Blood From Air

  • p062 farming without artificial fertilizer feeds less than 4 billion people.

  • p063 Fritz Haber 1868-1934

  • p066 1912 Germany imported 900,000 tonnes of nitrates, mostly from Chile, potential naval blockade

  • p067 University of Karlsruhe and BASF, more German Nobel Prizes

  • p068 N₂ triple bond "strongest in nature" 945 kJ/mol (natural carbon monoxide 1072 kJ/mol is 50-100 ppb)

  • p070 Robert Le Rossignol engineered first tabletop "Haber" process

  • p071 Output increase from 0.005% to 8% "logarithmically better" oopsie, should be "exponentially better"

  • p071 Industrial scaleup by Carl Bosch, founder of IG Farben

  • p072 by 1911, 8000 pounds of ammonia per day

  • p072 1913 Oppau plant produced 60,000 tons of ammonia per year

  • p073 "Today" 130 million tons of nitrogen fertilizer

  • p074 Ammonia Production Plants—A Review

  • p074 M.W. Kellogg 1960s most efficient ammonia manufacturing

  • p074 Chinese obesity, 30% of Beijing overweight
  • p075 Donaldson Louisiana largest nitrogen producing plant, 8 million tonnes per year

  • p075 dead zone in Gulf of Mexico larger than New Jersey

  • p076 excess nitrogen also from food animal manure
  • p077 1914 Germany invaded neutral Belgium, Haber and 90+ other German scientists signed manifesto defending the war
  • p078 1915 Haber produces 150 T/day ammonium nitrate explosive

  • p078 1917 Leuna plant produced 240,000 T/y

  • p079 Speer: If Allies had focused on destroying Leuna plant, WWII could have ended in eight weeks

  • p081 1916, Haber chief of Chemical Warfare Service, 2000 scientists
  • p081 chlorine gas, immediate death, heavier than air and spreads down into trenches

  • p081 violation of 1907 Hague Convention, signed by Germany

  • p082 Haber releases 150 tonnes of chlorine near 1915 Ypres, witnessed by future Nobel Prize winners Otto Hahn, Gustav Hertz, James Franck, and Hans Geiger

  • p083 Haber's chemist wife Clara, first Phd for German woman, suicide 1915 after Fritz supervises chemical weapon attack

  • p084 Haber's son Hermann 1946 Nov 9 suicide in Watertown NY age 44. Hermann's daughter Claire researched antidote for chlorine gas, also committed suicide

  • p085 Fritz Haber also produced phosgene and mustard gas for warfare

  • p086 more than 1M disabled and 26K killed by WW1 chemical weapons

  • p086 Treaty of Versailles also forbid chemical weapons

  • p087 Haber exported them, calling his production "oil and refinery plants"
  • p088 Jewish ancestry Haber forced to resign after Hitler
  • p090 Carl Bosch died 1940, depression and alcoholism

  • p091 Chaim Weizmann meets exiled Haber in Switzerland

  • p092 Haber dies 1934, buried in Basel Switzerland

  • p093 Haber also developed Zyklon as a pesticide

  • p094 Several Haber relatives murdered with Zyklon B at Auschwitz and Treblinka

  • p131 Chapter 5 - Turning the Mind Inside Out

  • p132 Jeffrey Dahmer 1992 guilty of 15 counts of murder, 1994 beaten to death by fellow inmate

  • p132 Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz 1935 lobotomy

  • p134 20 more patients and many elsewhere

  • p135 Phineas Gage 1848 frontal lobe destroyed, behavior and personality damaged

  • p136 Moniz 1949 Nobel Prize, despite objections
  • p146 Lobotomies survived through early 1970s because (1) desperation (2) full mental hospitals (3) hospitals hideous
  • p147 Lobotomies weren't much worse than treatments like electroshock

  • p147 Julius Wagner 1917 malaria therapy

  • p148 syphilis spirochetes killed by high temperatures of fever

  • p148 some Americans go to Mexico for malaria therapy to cure (imaginary) chronic Lyme disease

  • p148 Manfred Sakel insulin shock therapy

  • p148 Typical comas one or two months, many died
  • p149 lobotomies "the therapies of despair"

  • p150 Walter Freeman "drive through lobotomies

  • p151

  • p152

  • p152

  • p153

  • p153

  • p153

  • p154

  • p154

  • p155

  • p155

  • p156

  • p156

  • p157

  • p157

  • p157

  • p159

  • p159

  • p161 Chapter 6 - The Mosquito Liberation Front

  • p161

  • p162

  • p163

  • p164

  • p165

  • p166

  • p167

  • p167

  • p169

  • p172

  • p173

  • p174

  • p175

  • p175

  • p175

  • p182

  • p183

  • p183

  • p184

  • p184

  • p186

  • p191 Chapter 7 - Nobel Prize Disease

  • p192

  • p192

  • p192

  • p195

  • p195

  • p196

  • p198

  • p199

  • p201

  • p202

  • p206

  • p213 Chapter 8 - Learning From the Past

  • p214

  • p214

  • p215

  • p216

  • p217

  • p219

  • p221

  • p222

  • p223

  • p224

  • p225

  • p226

  • p227

  • p228

  • p228

  • p228

  • p229

  • p230

  • p231

  • p234

  • p235

  • p235

  • p236

  • p236

  • p237

  • p237

  • p237

  • p238

  • p239

  • p239

  • p239

  • p240

  • p241 Epilogue

  • p241

  • p243 Acknowledgements

  • p273 About the Author

  • p275 Index

PandorasLab (last edited 2026-05-15 06:01:03 by KeithLofstrom)