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http://wiki.keithl.com/Proto

Proto

How One Ancient Language Went Global

Laura Spinney . 2025 . Aloha Lib 417.7 SPINNEY Laura

282 pages text/illustration, 22 pages bibliography, 21 pages end notes, 16 pages index
- the index is essential though incomplete; Spinney reintroduces nouns and placenames 200 pages after a first appearance
This book is about the evolution of language and the migration of languages/cultures

Maps

p4-5 The Peak of the Last Ice Age, 20 KY ago, Mercator 75W to "195E", 70S to 80N
- ice sheets, lower sea level, land bridges Asia to North America, Europe to Britain/Island
p33-34 Lingua Obscura, undated, 31E to 40E, 20N to 49N
p60-61 Proto-Indo-European, undated, 9W to 88E, 8N to 64N, migration of Yamnaya to Britain, Spain, Denmark, India, Altai mountains though the Eurasian Steppe
p90-91 Anatolian, undated, 4E to 41E, 32N to 42N
p118-119 Tocharian, undated, 66E to 97E, ? ?
p142-143 Celtic, Germanic, and Italic, 500BC
p180-181 Indo-Iranian
p210-211 Baltic and Slavic
p234-235 Albanian, Armenian, Greek
p256-257 The Indo-European Speaking-World Today almost everywhere besides Africa, Arabia, Mongolia, China, Japan, and Southeast Asia

p07 5kya, Proto-Indo-European "exploded out of Black Sea cradle" eastward westward, Ireland to India
p09 300kya, Homo sapiens arose in Africa, vocal tracts, cognition
p09 60kya, Homo sapiens walked out of Africa with tools and speech
p10 14kya, glaciers recede
p10 human population 10M, 10k spoken languages, ~1k each
p10 vertical bilingualism people higher up with their own language also learn the language lower down, perhaps for marketing (reason not mentioned by Spinney)
p11 Official languages grew, 1M speakers 5kya
p12 writing emerged 6000 YA, confusing 30 minutes to midnight clock analogy
p13 Dante Divine Comedy Tuscan dialect standard literary language of western Europe
p18
p19
p20
p22
p28
p29
p29
p37
p39
p40
p41
p41
p42
p43
p44
p45
p45
p46
p47
p48
p51
p52
p53
p59
p64
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p66
p66
p69
p69
p71
p72
p72
p73
p74
p74
p75
p81
p81
p82
p84
p85
p100
p102
p117
p125
p127
p134
p139
p146
p146
p147
p149
p149
p150
p151
p153
p154
p156
p156
p156
p157
p158
p161
p169
p177
p177
p178
p178
p179
p183
p184
p184
p184
p185
p191
p191
p192
p192
p193
p193
p194
p194
p195
p196
p196
p196
p197
p198
p200
p201
p201
p202
p202
p202
p203
p205
p206
p213
p214
p214
p217
p221
p221
p222
p223
p223
p225
p225
p227
p227
p228
p228
p239
p230
p230
p231
p237
p238
p239
p240
p241
p246
p254
p274
p275
p308

-  ⇤ ← Revision 1 as of 2025-12-04 01:02:48 → 
  Size: 1040
  Editor: KeithLofstrom
  Comment:
+   ← Revision 4 as of 2025-12-04 02:19:21 → ⇥
  Size: 3481
  Editor: KeithLofstrom
  Comment:
-Deletions are marked like this.
+Additions are marked like this.
 Line 6:
-  . the index is essential; Spinney reintroduces nouns 200 pages after a first appearance
+  . the index is essential though incomplete; Spinney reintroduces nouns and placenames 200 pages after a first appearance
 Line 12:
- .p33-34 '''Lingua Obscura''', undated, 31E to 40E,  20N to 49N
 .p60-61 '''Proto-Indo-European''', undated, 9W to 88E, 8N to 64N, migration of [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamnaya_culture | Yamnaya ]] to Britain, Spain, India, [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Mountains | Altai mountains ]] though the [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe | Eurasian Steppe ]]
 .p 
 .p
 .p
 .p
 .p
+ .p33-34 '''Lingua Obscura''', undated, 31E to 40E, 20N to 49N
 .p60-61 '''Proto-Indo-European''', undated, 9W to 88E, 8N to 64N, migration of [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamnaya_culture | Yamnaya ]] to Britain, Spain, Denmark, India, [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Mountains | Altai mountains ]] though the [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe | Eurasian Steppe ]]
 .p90-91 '''[[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia | Anatolian ]]''', undated, 4E to 41E, 32N to 42N
 .p118-119 '''[[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharians  | Tocharian ]]''', undated, 66E to 97E, ? ?
 .p142-143 '''Celtic, Germanic, and Italic''', 500BC
 .p180-181 '''Indo-Iranian'''
 .p210-211 '''Baltic and Slavic'''
 .p234-235 '''Albanian, Armenian, Greek'''
 .p256-257 '''The Indo-European Speaking-World Today''' almost everywhere besides Africa, Arabia, Mongolia, China, Japan,  and Southeast Asia

-----
 .p07 5kya, Proto-Indo-European "exploded out of Black Sea cradle" eastward westward, Ireland to India
 .p09 300kya, Homo sapiens arose in Africa, vocal tracts, cognition
 .p09 60kya, Homo sapiens walked out of Africa with tools and speech
 .p10 14kya, glaciers recede
 .p10 human population 10M, 10k spoken languages, ~1k each
 .p10 [[ ooks.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=NG7nBQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA38&dq=vertical+bilingualism&ots=Z7VZr4OhJd&sig=Yspnw3uZ9c7N4hc1SjQ5IOVBusY#v=onepage&q=vertical%20bilingualism&f=false| vertical bilingualism ]] people higher up with their own language also learn the language lower down, perhaps for marketing (reason not mentioned by Spinney)
 .p11 Official languages grew, 1M speakers 5kya
 .p12 writing emerged 6000 YA, confusing 30 minutes to midnight clock analogy
 .p13 [[  | Dante ]] [[  | Divine Comedy ]] [[  | Tuscan ]] dialect standard literary language of western Europe
 .p18
 .p19
 .p20
 .p22
 .p28
 .p29
 .p29
 .p37
 .p39
 .p40
 .p41
 .p41
 .p42
 .p43
 .p44
 .p45
 .p45
 .p46
 .p47
 .p48
 .p51
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 .p59
 .p64
 .p65
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 .p100
 .p102
 .p117
 .p125
 .p127
 .p134
 .p139
 .p146
 .p146
 .p147
 .p149
 .p149
 .p150
 .p151
 .p153
 .p154
 .p156
 .p156
 .p156
 .p157
 .p158
 .p161
 .p169
 .p177
 .p177
 .p178
 .p178
 .p179
 .p183
 .p184
 .p184
 .p184
 .p185
 .p191
 .p191
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 .p203
 .p205
 .p206
 .p213
 .p214
 .p214
 .p217
 .p221
 .p221
 .p222
 .p223
 .p223
 .p225
 .p225
 .p227
 .p227
 .p228
 .p228
 .p239
 .p230
 .p230
 .p231
 .p237
 .p238
 .p239
 .p240
 .p241
 .p246
 .p254
 .p274
 .p275
 .p308