Diff for "StevenAustad"

• http://wiki.keithl.com/StevenAustad

Steven Austad Books

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_N._Austad

• https://www.uab.edu/cas/biology/people/faculty/steven-n-austad

• https://www.stevenaustad.com/

• The University of Alabama at Birmingham
• College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology

Methuselah's Zoo

what nature can teach us about living longer, healthier lives

• 2022 Beaverton Lib 571.879 AUS

• Preface

• pxii Joáo Pedro de Magalháes maintains website AnAge

• p001 ch01 Doctor Dunnet's Fulmar

• p005 Cancer death rate doubles every 8 years, 300x more likely at age 85 than age 25
  • ln(300)/ln(2) = 8.23 doublings, 60 y / 8.23 = 7.23 years per doubling
  • .. with a survivor bias
• p011 metabolism, growth, reproduction, aging, physiology faster in small animals

• p012 note 5 Longevity Quotient paper 1991

• p013 farm servant Thomas Parr claimed to be 152 yo in 1635

  • Harvey's autopsy suggested less than 70 yo

• p013 Austad's 1997 book Why We Age PSI $6.39ppb $6.81hard Amazon

• p014 naturalist Stanley Flower supposed 157 yo elephant changed from African to Asian elephant ... or sloppy records

I. LONGEVITY IN THE AIR

• p019 ch02 The Origin of Flight

• p020 2.5 meter Arthropleura millipede 300 mya

• p021 [ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane | J.B.S. Haldane ]] You can drop a mouse down a thousand-yard mine shaft and, on arriving at the bottom, it gets a slight shock and walks away. A rat would probably be killed, though it can fall safely from the eleventh story of a building, a man is broken, a horse splashes.

• p023 sprinting up stairs 7x to 14x more energy expensive than sitting reading
• p023 insect flight 100 beats per second, 50 to 150x more energy expensive than rest
• p024 oxygen radicals accompany energy delivery

• p025 juvenile mayfly nymphs molt in streams for years, minutes to days as a reproductive adult

• p026 Cicada nymphs as much as 17 years feeding on root sap underground, synchronized mass emergence for weeks

• p027 no insect species with documented adults living longer than 1 year in the wild

• p028 Monarch Butterfly many generations per year, flying to southern Mexico in autumn, north in spring. The southern phase lasts as long as 8 months, migration and summer phases weeks

• p029 insect flight wings fragile, covered by hard elytron/elytra when not flying

• p031 ch03 Pterosaurs: The First Flying Vertebrates

• p039 Pterodaustro Guinazui pterodactyl hundreds of fine teeth, probably filter-fed like a baleen whale

• p041 ch04 Birds: The Longest-Lived Dinosaurs

• p041 bar-tailed godwit flies nonstop from Alaska to New Zealand in nine days and nights

• p042 wild house sparrows live at least 19 years, 3 years in captivity

• p043 Archaeopteryx not a bird, no keeled breastbone. Probably extra boost for hops, like "flying" squirell

• p044 true bird evolved before 66 mya, a few survived Chicxulub impact

• p045 Fig 4.1 an 81yo Major Mitchell's cockatoo, the world's longest lived bird at Chicago's Brookfield zoo

• p049 Albatrosses mate for life, 1 egg most years

• p050 Albatross named "Wisdom" more than 70 years old
• p051 current mate "Akeakamai", Hawaiian for "lover of wisdom"
• p051 LQ (life quotient) of 5.2, 5.2 times longer than average same-size zoo mammal

• p052 Manx Shearwater at least 55 years, LQ of 6, migrates annually from North Atlantic to Brazil or Argentina

• p053 Turkey breast meat (flight muscle) adapted for energy bursts, "drumsticks" dark with myoglobin for running endurance

• p054 ruby-throated hummingbird 40℃ 104℉ endothermic, 80 wingbeats per second

• p055 twice fly 600 miles nonstop migrating across Caribbean, live more than 9 years

• p055 broad-tailed hummingbird at least 12 years

• p056 birds make fewer free radicals than mammals, can withstand more free radical damage
• p057 Medical researchers study short-lived animals, author desires much longer studies

  • so we can live longer, so researchers have time for longer studies

• p059 ch05 Bats: The Longest-Lived Mammals

• p059 Donald R. Griffin taught with Austad

  • found bat older than the grad student taking notes

• p060 Major Mitchell's cockatoo

• p061 bat genome: closest living mammalian relatives are horses
• p062 bats can echolocate and avoid a piano wire (of course, it is a resonator)
• p062 bats harbor more than 800 coronavirus species that have not become a problem ... yet.

• p063 little brown bat longevity quotient ≥ 7.5

• p064 vampire bats also die of rabies, few have it

• p066 mice - six pups in 3 weeks, most bats one pup in 3 to 6 months, vampire bats seven months
• p067 vampire bat longevity quotient 5.5
• p071 Indian flying fox LQ 4.1
• p072 6 gram Brandt bat 41 years, LQ 10.0
• p074 hibernating bears reduce metabolism to 20% of normal
• p075 Older people can lose 16% of lower body strength after ten days of bed rest, 30 days for younger people

• p076 n9 Large‐scale genome sampling reveals unique immunity and metabolic adaptations in bats 2011

II. LONGEVITY ON THE EARTH

• p081 ch06 Tortoises and Tuataras: Longevity on Islands

• p082 shell and a beak = turtle, tortoise = slow moving terrestrial turtle

• p083 Loihi seamount 3200 feet deep SE of Hawai'i island, could emerge 10k to 100k years from now

• p084 Birds and insects evolve to flightless on windy islands

• p084 Komodo dragon largest lizard, eats goats and attack humans

• p085 Homo floriensis 1Mya to 50Kya, 105cm, 25kg (BMI 22.7)

• p086 warmer buried turtle eggs more females, cooler males
• p091 - p093 doubtful tortoise longevity stories

• p094 Tuataras

• p095 juvenile third eye on top of head, covered with scales later

• p095 low temperature -> female, high temperature -> male . . / 500g females, 1000g males

• p096 estimated age >110yo , longevity quotient 10.3

• p097 heart rate 6BPM
• p098 we may learn to reduce molecular damage and extend human life

• p101 ch07 Queen for a Lifetime

• p103 ants churn and turn soil, fertilize it with material brought into their burrows

• p103 DDT against SE U.S. fire ants damaged pets and wildlife, motivated Rachel Carson's 1962 Silent Spring

• p103 ant larvae grow and molt four times, make cocoons, emerge adults
• p103 no molt as adults, very limited body repair

• p104 winged female nuptual flight with males, stores sperm.

• p104 land, dig nest, lays many generations of eggs.
• p104 Females develop from fertilized eggs and stored sperm, males from unfertilized eggs
• p105 Sisters share 3/4 of genes, 50% from mother and 25% with brothers

• p105 Closer relatives with sisters than parents eusociality fosters complex societies

• p105 termite detrivory, "premier recyclers"

• p104 termite nuptial flight bonds partners, mate after landing and making nest

• p104 termite nymphs have legs, grow and molt into adults

• p104 termite XY genetics resemble mammals
• p107 oldest verified termite queen 21 years or more in laboratory
• p107 29 year old ant queen, H Kutter, R Stumper 1969 (entomology)

  • Sixth International Congress of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects (IUSSI)

• p108 Ant and termite queens produce 1 egg per minute for decades, high energy needs
• p109 queens and nest-bound drones long lived
• no cancer ... no need to repair damage, so no cell reproduction system to go haywire

• p109 Florida State Walter Tschinkel fire ants

• p111 Royal Jelly

• p111 "Biology is complicated. If it were simple, it would be physics"

• p112 ILP-2 resembles human insulin

• p113 ch08 Tunnels and Caves

• p114 Naked Mole Rats not moles or rats.

  • p115 eusocial mammals, rare in vertebrates
• p115 tunnels to large tubers, partly eaten and allowed to regenerate
• p115 nest chamber as much as two meters underground

• p116 Rochelle Buffenstein Aging studies in naked mole-rats

  • Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies San Antonio

• p117 Human mortality rate doubles every eight years over 40; in mice, every three months
• p117 Naked Mole Rats don't appear to get cancer

• p118 proto-oncogenes tumor-suppressor genes

• p119 naked mole-rats have more oxygen radical damage than mice

• p119 n6 Resistance to experimental tumorigenesis in cells of a long‐lived mammal, the naked mole‐rat (Heterocephalus glaber) 2010

• p120 Spalax unrelated to naked mole rats, similar behavior and niche

  • p121 no naturally occuring cancer, Spalax cells die if slightly injured

• p122 Large bat colonies roosting deep in caves produce toxic amounts of ammonia
• p122 ifKeyt Fischer oxygen drops below 19% or CO₂ rises above 0.6%, drowsiness, headaches, fuzzy thinking

  • Submarine atmospheres, Knight Tappan 1989

• p122 ISS standards 3x worse than submarines

• p123 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olm

• p123 Mole rat burrows can be 6% oxygen and 10% CO₂
• p123 they can survive 3% oxygen and 80% CO₂
• p123 author hypothesizes links between CO₂/O₂ tolerance, cancer resistance, and longevity

• p124 olm blind white cave salamander 70 to 102 years

• p125 reproductive adulthood 16 years, 12 years between clutches of 35 eggs, survive a year without food.
• p126 70 year lifetimes in zoos, models suggest 102 years possible

• p129 ch09 The Behmoths (Elephants)

• p129 plant-eating titanosaurs, 50-100 tons, 30 meters length

• p129 Paraceratherium probably largest mammal, 15 tonnes

• p130 Palaeoloxodon namadicus largest elephant, 4x larger than modern elephants, extinct for more than 25,000 years

• p130 Three species of elephant; Asian, African savanna, African forest (recognized separate from savanna in 2021 )
• p131 Indian emperor Chandagupta vs. Alexander? Citation Needed
• p131 African elephants have two trunk-tip "fingers" that can grasp like a mittened hand. Asian elephants only one
• p132 tusks also tools, one tusk favored like human "handedness"
  • or is that actually favored eye? the right eye can only see 35 degrees to the left, and vice versa, but it can see 160 degrees backwards.
• p132 African females have tusks, Asian females do not
• p132 ivory can be carved without splintering, but not without hunting elephants to population collapse

• p133 Elephants can distinguish hunting/non-hunting tribes by speech PNAS 2014

• p133 John Wesley Hyatt Celluloid = hardened nitrocellulose 1869

• p133 Elephants can distinguish hunting tribes by voice

• p134 Elephant females fertile for 3-6 days every 3-9 years

• p134 musth 60x-140x testosterone increase, aggressiveness

• p135 Tusko elephant 1962, injected with 300 mg LSD (human recreational dose 300μg), died

• p141 African elephant bulls grow, increasing dominance and musth, reproductive peak 50 yo
• p141 male life expectancy at birth 37 y, 30% survive past 50 yo, none past 65 yo
• p142 skewed downwards by infant mortality
• p144 elephants grow through six sets of teeth, four sets lost by adulthood. Tooth wear may limit lifespan.

• p144 largest mammalian genome is the red vizcacha rodent of Argentina, three times human size

• p145 TP53 cellular tumor antigen

• p145 moKeyt Fischerre than half of all human cancers have mutated TP53; we have one copy from each parent, Asian elephants have 13 to 18 copies

• p146 Whales do not have extra copies of TP53

• p147 ch10 Big Brains (Nonhuman Primates)

• p149 Primate longevity: Its place in the mammalian scheme 1992 Steven N. Austad, Kathleen E. Fischer

• p149 brain size correlates with body size ... which correlates with longevity
  • apart from that, brain size has slightly worse correlation to longevity compared to other organs
• p150 primates live slower than other mammals; longer parent care, reproduce slowly
• p151 1.2% of human nucleotides differ from chimps, 30% of genes identical
  • among ourselves, 0.1% variation
• p151 7% difference from average African monkey, 15% from a mouse

• p153 Suzana Herculano-Houzel method to count neurons in preserved brains

• p153 The Human Advantage a New Understanding of How Our Brain Became Remarkable, 2016, Herculano-Houzel, Suzana

• p153 Humans have more cortical neurons than any species measured so far (before 2022)
• p155 chimpanzees (including humans, claim zoologists) live the longest of any primates
• p155 female chimpanzees emigrate into new groups before maturity
• p156 wild chimps develop faster than humans, well-fed captive chimps even faster

• p156 Cheeta "recently celebrated 72nd birthday"

• p157 author skeptical, watched dreadful Tarzan movies, looked at ear whorls

• p158 Lie of the Jungle R. D. Rosen 2008

  • Cheetah probably juvenile chimp from amusement park that closed in 1967
• p158 (1) scientists make terrible investigative journalists (2) in Hollywood, even chimps lie about their age
• p159 female chimps emigrate to prevent close inbreeding
• p161 North American Regional Chimpanzee Studbook, Steve Ross

• p164 orangutan encephalization quotient 2.9, second highest after humans

  • disassemble enclosures, jimmy locks, share crowbars
  • not particularly aggressive
• p165 Sloths move as if swimming though honey
• p167 orangutan cheek flanges (pads) signal dominance
• p169 recent zoo records of orangutans living to their early 50s

• p170 Pet monkeys will bite you

• p172 capuchin's longevity more likely 40-45y, for longevity quotient of 3.6

III. LONGEVITY IN THE SEA

• p177 ch11 Urchins, Worms, and Quahogs

• p177 Average ocean depth 3700m, deepest 11000m; Everest is 8850m above sea level
• p177 3% of water is ice and fresh water, 97% is ocean
• p177 Only 20% mapped, 90% of aquatic species undiscovered
• p180 small endothermic animals cannot live in the sea

• p180 tubeworms anchor to underwater surfaces and secrete a mineral tube big enough to withdraw into.

• p181 Osedax, bone-eating snot flower

  • Osedax mucofloris sp. n. can be cultured in an aquarium

• p181 cold seeps feed chemosynthetic organisms living for millenia

• p181 hydrothermal vents last decades

• p185 Red sea urchins can live two centuries Thomas Ebert OSU

• p186 Carbon-14 half life 5760 years
• p187 Modern lifeforms marked by C14 from nuclear tests

  • Shroud of Turin 1260 to 1390 AD, Ötzi 5100ya to 5400ya

• p188 Only sign of sea urchin aging is slightly slower cell replacement in some tissues

  • Christopher Richardson at Bangor University

• p190 sclerochronology like dendrochonology

• p191 Clam shell growth ring width is a "bar code" for sea conditions
• p191 by matching wide and narrow rings to a series of older clam shells we can date clams from 659 AD

• p191 Arctica islandica mahogany quahog (koh - hog)

• p191 Ming ocean quahog clam born 1499, 507 yo when captured

• p194 Pacific geoduck clam oldest 179 years

• p194 freshwater pearl mussel oldest 190 years

• p194 giant deep sea oyster older than 500 years

• p195 bivalves survived the Permian Great Dying 250 Mya

  • "that killed 95% of all animal species" ... no, 81% of marine species, 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species

• p196 Marine Biological Laboratory

  • MBL 63 Nobel prize winners
  • Harvard 161, UC Berkeley 110, Cambridge 104, U.Chicago 100, MIT 97, Columbia 96, Stanford 84

• p197 quahog protein folding stability might lead to new treatments for Alzheimer's

• p198 but as of 2022, all Austad has discovered is many things that are not the secret

• p199 ch12 Fishes and Sharks

• p199 more fish freshwater species than ocean species because ocean is stable, lakes and streams vary
• p205 Beluga caviar $1000/oz, gravid female Beluga sturgeon up to 12% roe by body weight

• p206 sturgeon age can be estimated from growth lines in pectoral fin rays

• p206 Oldest sturgeon 152yo caught in 1953, longevity quotient 8.5

• p209 At least 6 rockfish species live a century or more

• p210 rougheye rockfish 205 years, longevity quotient 14

• p210 also has good DNA repair genes, still haven't learned why

• p211 rougheye lives deep at 150 atmospheres of pressure, die of barotrauma (exploding swim bladder) close to surface

• p215 Greenland shark 156 years, longevity quotient 11.7

• p219 ch13 Whales Tales

• p219 fanged deer of Africa omnivores

  • may resemble ancestors of whales

• p221 ascertainment bias

  • dolphins who save humans are remembered, not those who don't

• p227 killer whale Orcinus orca, exceptional intelligence, cooperative pack hunter

  • zero recorded fatal attacks from wild Orca, several trainers killed by captive orca "bad-day-don't-mess-with-me" attacks

• p227

• p228

• p238

• p238

• p240

• p241

• p241

IV. HUMAN LONGEVITY

• p245 ch14 The Human Longevity Story

• p249 Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492 90% of indigenous people died from introduced diseases

• p250 cuscuses occupy monkey ecological niche

• p250 Miyanmin 3500 people in the Telefomin district of the Sandaun province in Papua New Guinea

• p252 Nancy Howell developed methods using individual relationships in tribes to estimate how long people lived

• p255 In 1900 France, life expectancy was 45 years due to high infant/childhood mortality, but the most common adult age of death was early 70s

• p256 Papua New Guinea world's highest frequency of ApoE4, but no increased risk of cardiovascular and Alzheimer's disease

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++

• p269 ch15 Methuselah's Zoo Moving Forward

• p272 one in ten cancer therapies effective in mice also effective in humans
• p272 colleague won Nobel for the only part of his research rejected by a government review group
• p273 whale cells in lab
• p273 2012 Nobel Shina Yamanaka transformed skin/liver/blood/other cells into stem cells
• p273 we can grow replacement human parts from our own cells
• p274 treat aging itself as a disease

• p275 geroscience

• How many atoms in human body?

  • Total Earth biomass 550 GT carbon 5.5 x 1e2 x 1e9 x 1e6 (tonnes per gram) = 5.5e17 grams
  • carbon is 12 amu and 12% of the atoms in human body
  • Avogadro's number 6e23, hence one gram of human carbon is 5e22 atoms
  • Associated with (100/12)*5e22 ≈ 4e21 total atoms per gram of human carbon

  • Fermi estimate: Total Earth biomass 5.5e17 * 4e21 atoms = 2e39 biomass atoms if humans representative

  • There are 1e22 to 1e24 stars in the universe
  • Thousands of asteroids and trillions of comets and icy bodies orbit the Sun
  • Perhaps 3e12 comets per star times 1e24 stars is 6e36 icy bodies in the universe, not counting unbound bodies
  • that's a LOT of physics
  • Both biology and physics are complicated ... or simple, if one is a simpleton

To Err Is Human, To Admit It Is Not and Other Essays

• 2022

Real People Don't Own Monkeys

• 2022

Why We Age: What Science Is Discovering about the Body's Journey Through Life

• 1999