- multco CEN 530.09252 G4273h 2023
Her Space, Her Time
p055 ch. 3 . ESCAPE VELOCITY: PATHFINDERS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
- p068 "... in the 1960s. Tiny electronic components had to be precisely positioned on a silicon wafer and connected in a specific pattern without damaging the circuit. All that had to be done by hand while squinting through a microscope."
- WRONG. The planar components on the grid of die (chips) on the silicon wafer were built layer by layer with photo-lithography. UV light through a photo-mask prints every component in one "flash". Human microscope work WAS required to align the layers X/Y and rotation of each mask layer in the early 1960s, but that was mechanized. Properly calibrated processes and machines are far better than the human eye and hand.
- After the wafer was sawn into individual die (each with dozens to thousands to (in 2026) TRILLIONS of components), the die were positioned in a package, then wire bonded to the traces (like small circuit board runs) connected to the pins. In the 1960s, this was done by thousands of low-paid women. Today, entirely automated for almost all products.
p071 Turkish immigrant astrophysicist Dr. Dilhan Eryurt b 1926, PhD 1953, Canada 1959, NASA 1961 to 1973
p074 The Early Evolution of the Sun Dilhan Ezer
- Hayashi has predicted that the early contracting sun should be highly luminous and fully convective, if one makes a correct choice of the photospheric boundary condition in constructing solar models in the contracting stages. We have constructed a sequence of models which fully confirm his predictions. The maximum radius of the proto-sun consistent with gravitational stability is 57 R-solar this has a luminosity of about 450 times that of the sun. As the proto-sun shrinks its stays fully convective until a radius of less than 3R-solar is reached; the luminosity continues to decrease until a radius of 1.7Rsolar is reached. The sun requires about 2 million years to contract onto the main sequence, but this number is very uncertain because of the unsatisfactory state of convection theories. If the primitive solar material has the terrestrial ratio of deuterium to hydrogen, then a further 3 × 105 years is required to burn the deuterium. These numbers are very much less than previous studies had indicated. The degree of lithium burning in the outer convection zone of the sun is highly uncertain owing also to the unsatisfactory state of convection theories.
ref p230 Ch. 3 Cassidy, Mike "What Went Wrong at Shiprock", San Jose Mercury News, May 7, 2000
- ref p230 Ch. 3 Johnson, Katherine J. "Reaching for the Moon" Autobiography . Beaverton Lib Juvenile J 921 JOHNSON
ref p231 Ch. 3 Nakamura, Lisa. "Indigenous Circuits: Navajo Women and the Racialization of Early Electronics Manufacture." American Quarterly 66, No 4 (December 2014): 919-941 pdf
p147 ch. 6 . FORCES OF NATURE: THE SUBATOMIC PHOTOGRAPHERS
p156 Marietta Blau particle tracks in emulsions, alpha vs proton "footprints" analogy unclear
p157 Blau and Hertha Wambacher Lieben Prize in 1937
p159 Blau left Vienna for Norway on 1938 March 12, the day of the Anschluss
p160 Einstein arranges Blau professorship at the Technical University? in Mexico City in October 1938. Wambacher and Georg Stetter published Blau's work as their own
- p161 Mexico government protests annexation of Austria, the only nation to do so, and declares war against Axis powers after U-boats sink Mexican oil tankers in 1942
- p165 Job offer at Morelia, but job and equipment vanish. Equipment turns up in a pawn shop
p165 befriended immigrants, conductor Ernst Römer, painter Diego Rivera, and Leon Trotsky
- p166 Blau moves to NYC, combines scintillator with photomultiplier tube, automating detectionm
- p168 Blau smoked, died of lung cancer in 1970
p168 Elisa Frota-Pessôa 1921-2018 Brazilian experimental physicist
p171 Bibha Chowdhuri used cloud chamber photographs to study cosmic ray particle showers
.p179 ch. 7 . ASYMMETRY: NATURE'S RULEBREAKERS
p184 Wu Chien-Shiung Wu experiment at UC Berkeley, conservation of parity violated by weak interaction
p186 Emilio Segre urged UCB to hire Wu, physics department chair Birge refused
p190 Ursula Franklin found fallout in baby teeth, led to ban on above ground nuclear testing
- p191 Wu experimentally verified entanglement with paired photon polarization
- p194 Hadn't visited China since 1936, husband Luke visited Taiwan
p195 CP violation explains an early universe with more matter than antimatter
- p197 Wu 1966 book Beta Decay, PSU Library QC795.W8
,p200 Martha Stahr Carpenter first science faculty member at Cornell
- p201 Local galaxy supercluster region is supergalactic plane
- p202 Gamow suggests Rubin study spatial distribution of galaxies; she discovers clusters, earns 1954 PhD
- p203 Galactic orbital period of Sun 230MY
- p205 beyond 26 Kly galaxy rotation velocity constant (missing mass later in chapter)
- p206 strong negative reaction to rotation curve paper
- p207 Rubin moved to UCSD in 1963, and published 9 papers with Margaret and Geoff Burbridge there.
- p207 First woman at Mount Wilson observatory, taped a paper skirt on the bathroom door man symbol
p209 10x-by-mass dark matter hypothesized by Fritz Zwicky in the Coma Cluster and by Sinclair Smith in the Virgo Cluster
p209 Author Ghose prefers physicist Chanda Prescod-Weinstein's suggestion "invisible matter"
- why be understood when you can be imprecise? Practically all matter is not visible, nor is the contents of my refrigerator when the door is closed.
- p210 Vera Rubin calculated 10x dark matter, "Current measurements ... ratio actually about 5x" CITATION NEEDED
Wikipedia Lambda-CDM model
.p217 EPILOGUE
p218 Author overheard college teen Brianna say "I like biology, but I really love physics." Chats, encourages, receives email the next day. THE END.