Phytoplankton

• wiki.keithl.com/Phytoplankton

Phytoplankton Books

From PSU Library ... so far

Algal Cultures and Phytoplankton Ecology

• PSU QK565.2.F63 1987

• G.E. Fogg 1919-2005 and Brenda Thake 1942-2022

• p158 Viruses (cyanophages) and myxobacteria causing lysis of blue-green algae

• p226 ref J. A. Bassham and M. Calvin 1957 The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis @PSU QK882.B3

• p228 The seasonal variation in oceanic production as a problem in population dynamics D. H. Cushing 1959

• p229 Cushing 1959 no online source
• p229 M. R. Droop Heterotrophy of carbon 1974 Algal Physiology and Biochemistry

• p232 E. Fogg et. al. 1973 459p The Blue-Green Algae WSU Vancouver Library purchased $16.08

• p233 W.W.C. Gieskes Current 14C methods for measuring primary production: Gross underestimates in oceanic waters

• p236 O Holm-Hansen, K Nishida, V Moses, M Calvin Journal of Experimental Botany, 1959 Effects of Mineral Salts on Short-term Incorporation of Carbon Dioxide in Chlorella

• p245 Trevor Platt D. V. Subba Rao 1970 Primary Production Measurements on a Natural Plankton Bloom

• p245 Karen Glaus Porter 1976 https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.192.4246.1332

• p260i Perspectives in Marine Biology 1958 PSU QH91.S8 1956 p299-322 Rohde& The Primary Production and Standing Crop of Phytoplankton

• p265i Oligotrophic refers to environments, particularly lakes and other aquatic systems, that have very low concentrations of nutrients such as nitrates, phosphates, and organic matter, resulting in limited biological productivity.

• p266i Phagotrophy

• p266i Primary Productivity

Phytoplankton

• 2nd Ed 1989 - Arthur Donald Boney Emeritus Professor of Botany University of Glasgow
  • PSU QK933.B66 1989
• pelagic zone: water column of the open ocean

• p001 thallus, no organization into tissues such as vascular structure

• p001 all algae contain chlorophyll a, a poor absorber of green light

• p003 Red tides toxic dinoflagellates

• p013 coccolith plates of calcium carbonate, perhaps protective against predation

• p016 Primary production autotroph produces own food heterotroph consumes producers

• p017 Global primary production 1.4e14 to 1.8e14 kg/year dry matter, oceans only 35% of the total

  • why not 70%, proportional to ocean/land ratio? If land production remained the same, the total land plus ocean productivity could increase by a factor of 2.16 ... and that's before improving predation resistance and engineering new photosynthetic processes.

• p018 PAR Photosynthetically active radiation

• p018 Clear winter's day light intensity 20% of summer, 10% with clouds

• p019 thylakoids membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria

• p019 stroma

• p019 pyrenoids

• p019 phycobilin

• p019 carotenes absorb UV, violet, and blue light

• p019 xanthrophyll yellow pigments

• p019 Sun vertical, 2% light reflection, near horizon 90% reflection

• p021 humic acids

• p021 gilvin colored humic substances

• p023 depth d at which lowered white disk disappears
• p023 surface inhibition, light too intense for phytoplankton
• p024 continuous sunlight and prolonged calm injures Arctic phytoplankton and inhibits photosynthesis

• p026 epilimnion surface layer hypolimnion depths metalimnion between

• p026 sieche standing wave in body of water

• p029 photosynthetic activity will increase pH in favor of bicarbonate users

• p032 orthosilicic acid makes silica cell walls, 26% to 63%

• p033 desmid green algae, progenitors of land plants

• p034 Iron fertilization

• p034 primary production may be limited by the availability of iron and other trace elements
• p034 manganous = +2 oxidation state

• p035 copper in plastocyanin mediates electron-transfer

• p035 cyancobalamine B12 thiamine biotin B7 required by plantonic algae

• p036 auxotrophs dependent on other sources of vitamins

• p036 auxospores in growth processes, sexual reproduction, or dormancy

• p036 coastal phytoplankton excrete 35% of fixed carbon CITATION NEEDED

• p036 eutrophication can be long term enrichment of aging process in natural waters

• p037 heterotrophs deplete water of oxygen -> high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

• p037 euryhaline species adapt to varied salinities, stenohaline (i.e. freshwater fish) cannot

• p037 stenohaline in fresh water suffer cell distortion/rupture, freshwater algae in seawater plasmolysed

• p038 regions enriched with phosphate -> dense algae within two months, not with nitrate and sucrose

• p041 cell must keep moving for continuing nutrient supply, phytoplankyton tend to sink
• p041 net production nil if mixed zone 5x deeper than euphotic zone
• p043 small cells with high surface to volume ratio have higher friction and sink slowest
• p079 Extracellular products pass from cell to medium, photo-synthetically derived organic carbon, PDOC
• p079 dm³ =decimeter cubed = liter
• p094 Measuring Primary Productivity
• p105 phytoplankton "farm" in liquid tubes, 12.5 tonnes per hectare. Better radiation input could triple that, eightfold increase over cultivated land. Edibility questionable, taste barrier, animal feed? Cell wall lowers food value
• KL can cell wall be "designed out" with genetic engineering in a pathogen-free environment?

Phytoplankton Productivity

Carbon assimilation in marine and freshwater ecosystems

• P.J. le B. Williams, D.N. Thomas, C.S. Reynolds . . PSU QK933 .P52 2002

• p073 ref CO₂ increases oceanic primary production Mette Hein & Kaj Sand-Jensen Nature volume 388, pages 526–527 (1997)

• pxxx numerically abundant groups of phytoplankton live hours to days
• p086 first trophic transition between autotrophs and grazers, 10% to 20% efficiency, 2x errors in net primary productivity
• p109 DBL Diffusive Boundary Layer

• p111 Redfield Ratio C:N:P 106:16:1

• p156 <2002 fossil fuel consumption 6e15 grams carbon / year

  • 2002 2.6e16g CO₂, 2022 3.8e16g CO₂, 2022 land use and deforestation adds 6e15g CO₂

  • GCM Global Climate Models? Or general circulation model?

• p157 biosphere net primary productivity 12e16g carbon
• p157 APAR absorbed photsynthetically active radiation
• p157 NDVI normalized difference vegetation index
• p159 DIMs Depth Integrated Models calculate ΣNPP
• p159 TIMs Time Integrated Models
• p159 WIMs Wavelength Integrated Models
• p159 WRMs Wavelength Resolved Models, subsurface irradiance
• p163 TIMs variability of depth dependent carbon fixation as a function of daily surface PAR
• p163 TIMs integrated into daily DIMs

• p170 VGPM global NPP 59e15 gC/year

  • plate 7.1 Global annual net primary production - 500 gC/m²y on continental shelves, <200 elsewhere

• p182 ref Widespread Iron Limitation of Phytoplankton in the South Pacific Ocean Michael J. Behrenfeld & Zbigniew S. Kolber @Rutgers, Science 5 Feb 1999 p840

• p182 Cullen Lewis Davis 1992 Grazing

• p183 Greene Geider 1992 Iron Marine Algae

• p225 Northern Pacific Subtropical Gyre NPSG Earth's largest biome

• p226 map of northern Pacific mesoplankton gyre, 20° to 30° N, 150°E to 140°W
  • The Biology of the Oceanic Pacific 1994 Conf. Proc. Ordered

• p253 Hawaii Ocean Time-series HOT program this book: "480mg-C/m²-day compared to 200mg-C/m²-day for the 17 year Climax program" | website (7 cruises average 580mg-C/m²-day)

• p254 this book: Fig 9.12 shows primary production, ~250 mg-C/m²-day 1968-1985, 400-600 mg-C/m²-day 1990-1997 ALOHA station
• p299 organisms as structure-optimized water
• p300 DEU dissipative ecological unit
• p307 Soils were interface between bedrock and vegetation; now industrial agriculture substratum maximized for productivity
• p308 Trees adjusting to loss of Ca, Mg, K and phosphate produce root-zone acids, acidifying runoff water

• p308 W. Ripl 1995 Management of water cycle and energy flow for ecosystem control: the energy-transport-reaction (ETR) model

  • Ecological Modelling Elsevier journal at PSU and OHSU

• p309 ecotone is a transitional area between two plant communities,

• p311 "catchment areas of lakes increasingly opened" - what does that mean?

• p312 eutrophication explained by increased phosphorous

• p313 phosphorous removal from sewage rarely returns lakes to oligotrophic conditions, inappropriate land use also a cause
• p316 Cunningham et. al. "An examination of iron oxyhydroxide photochemistry as a possible source of hydroxyl radical in natural waters

  • in Chemical quality of water and the hydrologic cycle PSU Lib Basement GB848.C43 1987

• p322 Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous 360-350 Mya, land plants, drawdown of CO₂

• p322 Pan-Thallasian ocean

• p322 continental drift accelerated evolution which depleted CO₂
• p324 5e21 moles of carbon (6e19 kg) and 1.25e21 moles of organic carbon (1.5e19 kg) sequesters in Earth's crust

• p324 carbonate compensation depth CCD, Pacific sediments below CCD, Atlantic sediments above

• p325 "At this point it may be instructive to speculate about the origins of the carboxylation reaction itself and the reasons why nature selected a 5-carbon sugar as its major carboxylation substrate. In the subsequent biological chemistry of 3-phosphoglycerate, there is only one reaction where carbon is actually chemically reduced; it is in the formation of the corresponding aldehyde from phosphoglycerate.

• p325 Calvin-Benson-Basham cycle

• p325 cytochrome complexes

• p325 5-C sugar phosphates

• p326 Oxidation of water energetically expensive, 735 nm photons (1.7 eV, near infrared) required. The reaction arose 2.7 Ga, a billion years after carbon fixation

• p374 ref78 1953 Carbon dioxide concentration and maximum quantum yield in photosynthesis Nature volume 171, pages 1106–1108 (1953)

• p375 An effect of antibiotics produced by plankton algae E. Steemann Nielsen Nature 1955