Vaccine Books

Deadly Choices

How the Anti-Vaccine Movement Threatens Us All

Paul A. Offit, M.D. - 2010/2015 PAR 614.47 OFFIT - Cedar Mill Library

Many horror stories about disease, and antivaxxer, media, and government stupidity. Baldfaced antivaxxer lies. Lots of stories about horrid diseases among the unvaccinated, and among the immunologically compromised.

That isn't enough. Telling a person they are wrong doesn't change their mind. Telling them that they have a disease doesn't cure them.

How do we change minds, and shift people towards better understandings of physical (and emotional) reality? Many knowledge heros are mentioned, but not their most effective techniques. How can we amplify the voices of those with powerful stories to tell? How do we outmessage the liars? How do we teach rational thought?

That's a different book.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxsackievirus

As is, the only tool on offer is attrition; average intelligence increases very slightly as each fool and their children die. Wouldn't it be better to help them think rationally? That might also help them get more lucrative jobs, and spend less money on crap they don't need, peddled by the same TV shows that subvert rationality.

The last is the real problem; the purpose of television (and social media) is to make people stupid enough to buy the advertised products. With enough eyes, all the shallow are buggy.

How to Make a Vaccine

An Essential Guide for COVID-19 & Beyond

John Rhodes PhD Immunology / RA644.C67 R48 2021 / PSU Library

• ix Preface 2021 300th anniversary of immunization
• x 2015 First malaria vaccine introduced in Africa
• xi 1918 Monday March 11 Fort Funston KS: company cook Albert Mitchell infirmary sore throat
  • 107 more sick soldiers by noon, 500 by Friday
• xi "some experts"(?) say Haskell County Kansas hog/poultry farms, flu cases in January 1918

  • https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/19292700266

  • Epidemic influenza : a survey Jordan, Edwin O. (Edwin Oakes), 1866-1936. ©1927

    • https://librarysearch.ohsu.edu/permalink/01ALLIANCE_OHSU/19jn9i0/alma999081701858

• xii 1918-19 estimated to have killed 50M people worldwide. most between mid-Sept to mid-Dec 1918
• xiii first flu vaccines 1941, US troops immunized 1945 / polio Salk 1954, Sabin 1959 / measles 1963,1968
  • smallpox Jenner 1721, but late 1600s in China
• p002 mid 2002 Foshan County near Guangzhou, farmer encounters wild civet, index case SARS / Feb 2003 305 cases 5 deaths

  • p006 SARS-CoV traced to specific bat cave in Yunnan Province mountains, 37 miles from Kunming

• p003-5 c1950 Rhodes nearly dies of guinea pig coxsackievirus

• p007 coronaviruses (Co V) cause 20% of colds, rhinoviruses cause 40%.

• p008 CoV imaged and named by virologist June Almieda in 1967, later HIV

• p009 CoV targets ACE2 outside cell membranes of lungs, heart etc. After attaching, fuses with cell membrane and injects viral RNA

• p010 grep Huanan_Seafood_Wholesale_Market in WuhanMap

• p011 First fatality 2020 January 11. First case in Japan, 1/11, in Korea 1/19
• p011

  The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2 2020 Mar 17 Andersen et al Nature Medicine

  • "not a laboratory construct or purposely manipulated virus"
• p012 50% of spread from asymptomatic individuals. Highest nose/throat levels shortly before symptoms

• p015 diphtheria viral toxinantitoxinantigens antibodies

• p016 Frank Macfarlane Burnet cells with antibodies copy themselves and the antibohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernageldies

• p017 clonal selection

• p018 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter and Gerald M. Edelman find Y shape chemical structure of antibodies

• p020 lymphocyteB cells T cells

• p023 cytokines interferons

• p024 Peter Doherty Rolf M. Zinkernagel

• p025 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases NAIAD

• p025 Charles Kirkpatrick Alan S. Rosenthal Sheldon M. Wolff Charles A. Dinarello Anthony "Tony" Fauci

• p026 Ethan M. Shevach

• p027 T cell mediated immunity depends on thymus lymphoid organ birth through puberty decreases with age, gone by 70

• p027 Jacques Miller thymus and lymphocyte research

• p029 Kitasato Shibasaburō 1853-1931 bubonic plague Susumu Tonegawa 1939- immunology Nobel 1987, andibodies strings of a few units randomly combined into many combinations

• p031 during development, random receptors weeded out for recognition of self or non-binding/too-strong-binding to MHC

• p032 Schiff base

• p033 adjuvants, second signal to T-cells

• p036 Charles Maitland tests smallpox vaccination on 6 prisoners in August 1722 (licensed in 1721, book may be in error)

• p037 Cotton Mather learns of African variolation from slave Onesimus, convinces Boston Dr Zabdiel Boyston to try it.

• p038 Smallpox killed 400K Europeans per year in 1700s

• p039 Edward Jenner vaccinates James Phipps, 8yo son of gardener

• p042 Vaccine voyages, serial transfers of vaccine from passenger to passenger to arrival in western hemisphere
• p042 A royal chartered ship arrived in Caracas with just one boy with live pustules, eventually vaccinating South America
• p043 weakened live vaccine much more effective than nonliving vaccine

• p043 1926 Alexander Glenny, aluminum salt adjuvant in diptheria toxin

• p044 1952 worst US Polio, 60K children infected, 20K paralyzed, 3K dies

• p045 1955 Salk 3 injection killed vaccine, 1961 Sabin live oral vaccine

• p046 Rational empiricism, guts and guesses. Last US polio case in 1979.

• p047 Recombinant DNA Plasmids restriction enzymes

• p048 selection marker antibiotic resistance added to bacteria manufacturing plasmids to fight colds

• p048 vector = carrier | live attenuated vaccine, transferring virus repeatedly until innocuous

• p049 2014 Chinese Ebola vaccine

• p049 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)

• p050 35% mortality, spread by close contact. ChAdOx1 vaccine

• p051 Jon A. Wolff synthesizing mRNA, Stephen A. Johnson gene gun

• p052 author involved with PowderJect injection delivery system

• p054 Six stages of vaccine delivery
  • Stage 1: Research-intensive exploratory
  • Stage 2: Preclinical, tissue culture and animal studies
  • Stage 3: Phase 1 trials, fewer than 150 people, safety testing
  • Stage 4: Phase 2 trials, hundreds of test subjects, efficacy, safety, immune response, schedule, dose
  • Stage 5: Phase 3 trials, tens of thousands of subjects: rare side effects, large population effectiveness
    • best in regions with high infection rates

  • Stage 6: Regulatory Review and Approval, Biologics license application

• p058 1955 Cutter Incident 10 deaths, 200 paralyzed

• p059 Inadequate mixing in fermentation tanks, clumping, failed penetration of virus-killing chemical

• p059 Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System Vaccine Safety Datalink

• p060 Gates Foundation Vaccine Development and Surveillance

• p062 tucaserol forms Schiff bases on sickle-cell hemoglobin enabling oxygen transport

• p064 plasmid DNA production difficult: in 1994 two months to make a gram, pilot plants 100-gram batches

• p067 vaccine options: Inactivated Whole-Virus Vaccines

  • p070 Protein Subunit Vaccines

  • p075 Live Attenuated Vaccines

  • p076 Nonreplicating Viral Vector Vaccines

  • p083 Replicating Viral Vector Vaccines

  • p084 Virus-like Particle Vaccines

  • p085 DNA vaccines

  • p085 RNA vaccines

• p093 Magic bullet Zauberkugel 100% immunity; measles 98%, Salk 60% to 80%

• p094 flu 40% to 60% - SARS-CoV-2 is relatively stable compared to flu
• p097 why not HIV? Virus lives in immune cells, reduces MHC molecules, a dozen subtypes
• p098 "2009 new approach" initial live viral vector HIV vaccine, booster dose HIV proteins plus alum, 31% effect, NO CITE

• p099 U.Pittsburg & Cedar Sinai LA: SARS-CoV2 spikesuperantigen bind to T-cell receptor framework, uselessly activating them, intense inflammation

• p100 dexamethasone

• p102 no single cause of common cold, more than 200 viral types

• p104 Chinese vaccine 2000 June 25 based on phase 2 results

• p105 Merck Ebola vaccine

• p106 "as of this writing, 232 contenders in the COVID-19 vaccine race"
• p108 vaccine FUD

• p109 Multco: The End Of Plagues, Rhodes 2013

• p109 Plandemic

• p110 DPT Vaccine DPT: vaccine roulette

• p111 Andrew Wakefield MMR fraud

• p112 vaccine gelatin

  • "gelatin is the most common identifiable cause of severe allergic reactions to vaccines" ( 0.5 ppm anaphylaxis )

  • Gelatin: Sometimes Kosher But Still Not Typically Vegetarian

• p114 Eddie Cantor March of Dimes slogan

• p115 Calling the Shots : why parents reject vaccines Jennifer Reich

• p117 Vaccine Nation Elena Conis 2015

• p118 700 to 800M syringes for US, Corning, Becton Dickenson
• p120 layering of distribution networks unnecessary in digital age
• p121 halal vaccines
• p122 2009 Us and Australia delayed swine flu vaccine export, domestic use only, 575K died in developing world

• p122 CEPI GAVI COVAX

• p124 "I've spent much of my career making predictions and then conducting experiments to prove them wrong."

• p125 Warp Speed chose from 3 vaccine classes, left out protein subunit vaccines, then Novavax added

• p126 Matrix-M adjuvant saponin from Quillaja saponaria, forms Schiff bases

• p129 Pfizer-BioNTech 95% effective, Moderna 94.5% effective Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine 90% effective (half then full dose

• p130 Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine 86% effective

• book ordered 2024 Oct

Tell Me When It's Over

An insider's guide to deciphering COVID myths and navigating our post-pandemic world

Paul A. Offit, M.D. 2024 | Beaverton Lib 614.5924 OFF

Google Books

• p009 2019 Dec 11 bat virus "debut" in Wuhan, 40,00 Chinese died from Covid. 2020 Jan virus isolated and sequenced
  • March 2020 WHO declared pandemic after 12,000 people died
  • May 2020 200,000 US deaths, Trump announces Warp Speed

  • Dec 2020 2M dead worldwide, FDA authorizes (EUA) Pfizer and Moderna mRNA vaccines after 70K tests 2020 Dec 11 and 18 and 17M infections

• p017 2020 Jan 20 First reported US COVID case
• p018 1918 influenza killed 675K Americans (population 103M, rate 6550/M)

• p022 Wuhan Institute of Virology Dr. Zheng-Li Shi did gain-of-function research for bat corona virus WIV1

  • ... which only infects bats. What she learned helped us understand COVID, years later

  • 95.6% related to SARS-CoV1

  • SARS-CoV1 is 99.8% related to Civet SARS-CoV and less than 79% related to SARS-CoV-2

• p023 SARS-CoV-2 is 7th human coronavirus, third in the last 20 years. ALL from bats
• p024 SARS-CoV-1 from wet markets: 2002 Foshan Guangdong, 2003 Guangzhou Guangdong

• p024 2019/12/3 photos of raccoon dogs and red fox in Huanan Market. Suppressed by PRC.

  • 2022/07/26 Michael Worobey paper in Science Huanan Market also Science molecular epidemiology

• p025 SARS-CoV-2 spike found in Laotian bats

• p025 Ridley/Chan, furin site "weird"(?), no found in Hainan bats Chinese paper published 2023

• p026 not hypertargeted to people, also wide range of mammals
• p026 If SARS-CoV-2 had been made in a laboratory, it was made by an underachieving graduate student.

• p027 Wuhan Market Raccoon Dog data censored by China

• p027 Michael Worobey ... two lineages A and B ... "Anyone who tells you otherwise either doesn't understand the science or doesn't want you to understand it."

• p027 Worobey Andersen Holmes, Decoding the Gurus podcast no transcript!

• p028 Li Wenliang warned friends about COVID-19, admonished by police, died of COVID 2020 February 7 age 34

• p029 SARS-CoV-2 spreads asymptomatically / constantly creates new strains / over 55 93% of COVID deaths /

  • / Continues through summer / some loose taste and smell for weeks / Long COVID / MIS-C in children /

  • / vasculitis /

• p033 Plandemic film and sequels by former model and actor Mikki Willis

• p034 Judy Mikovits claims mouse retrovirus causes chronic fatigue syndrome, patients took risky antivirals intended for AIDS.

• p035 multiple labs could not replicate, showed Mikovits lab error.

• p035 Mikovits agreed to Ian Lipkin study of 300 CFS blood samples, but refused to accept the results.

• p036 Science paper withdrawn, Mitkovits fired, later arrested and charged with unlawful taking of computer-related property. Later starred in Plandemic

  • p037 made claims about Fort Detrick manipulation, pushed hydroxychloroquine, claimed masks activates COVID, claimed flu vaccine contains coronaviruses
  • p038 claimed no vaccine works against coronaviruses p039 claimed healing microbes in ocean, beach closures insane, etc.
• p040 Conspiracy theories pretend there is hidden order in chaos, and tell us what we want to hear.
• p041 Scientific theories are hard earned, difficult to understand, and slow in coming.
• p041 HIV identified in 1981, probable simian progenitor virus SIV connected in 2010.

• p043 hydroxychloroquine p044 did not cure monkeys with SARS-CoV-2

• p044 Didier Raoult 2020 March "study" reports 20 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine, claimed fewer PCR viral genes ...

• p045 BUT 26 patients treated, 6 omitted with severe nausea, three intensive care, one dropped out, one died

• p045 Raoult bad reputation among virologists, lab stripped of associations

• p046 Stella Immanuel defended by Trump

• p048 3 studies show hydroxychloroquine doesn't treat or prevent Covid:

  • RECOVERY (UK) SOLIDARITY (30 countries) COALITION (Brazil)

• p050 FDA revokes hydroxychloroquine/COVID EUA

• p051 Convalescent plasma for Covid p054 35% relative risk reduction

• p056 Bleach, UV light, oleander leaf claims by you-know-who

• p060 Merck researcher Maurice Hilleman cultures daughter Jeryl Lynn's mumps, vaccine 4 years later

• p060 Other Hilleman vaccines: measles, rubella, chicken pox

• p061 always human clinical tests: Mice Lie and Monkeys Exaggerate

• p061 phase 1 ~100 determine dose, phase 2 ~1K effectiveness and safety, phase 3 >10K + years

• p062 "A virus is a piece of bad news wrapped in a protein coat" ~ Peter Medawar

• p063 Operation Warp Speed named by Peter Marks

• p063 $1B to Johnson and Johnson, $1.2B AstraZeneca, $1.5B Moderna, $1.6B Novavax, $2B Pfizer $2.1B Sanofi and GlaxoSmithKline

  • will get Novavax 2024 november at Tigard Walmart
• p063 phase 3 studies completed in 3 months (typically 3 years) parallel with mass production

• p065 Trump "no one has seen anything like this" not true, March of Dimes 1954/55 polio vaccines from Eli Lilly, Parke-Davis, Wyeth Pitman-Moore and Cutter

• p066 Emergency Use Authorization

• p068 " ... beautiful child went to have the vaccine ... now is autistic

• p069 Pfizer & Moderna spike mRNA vaccine

• p069 dendritic cells, activated B and T cells; strong activation, occasional lymph node swelling

• p070 Vaccine authorization if trials 50% effective, Fauci predicted up to 70%, 95% surprised everyone

• p071 J&J ... "had already published a paper in NEJM showing that a second dose of its vaccine clearly increased the quantity of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies" ... https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2034201 ?

  • J&J said one dose might be more acceptable to some people

• p072 a few months later, J&J shows two dose 95% effective

• p072 Novavax contains spike protein itself, plus an adjuvant
• p073 "The history of drug regulation is built on tombstones", Paul Offit quoting Smithsonian historian Michael R. Harris
• p074 mRNA vaccines: 1 in 6600 transient myocarditis in boys 16 to 19, not fatal

• p074 viral vector vaccines: 1 in 200,000 brain blood clots young women under 40, J&J withdrawn in US May 2023

• p074 Maurice Hilleman "I never breathe a sigh of relief unto the first 3M doses are out there"

• p075 Covid infection myodarditis is 1 in 2000, blood clots 1 in 400, far more severe

• p077 Antivax began 1982 April 19, DC NBC affiliate WRC 1hr documentary ''DPT: Vaccine Roulette'' ->

• p077 Dissatisfied Parents Together ( DPT) -> National Vaccine Information Center Barbara Loe Fisher

  • p100 Fisher "strangely quiet" during Covid

• p078 2010 Sam Berkovic said children on program suffered from Dravet syndrome aka severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy

• p078 1997 Hib vaccine, Fisher claimed it caused diabetes

• p079 Andrew Wakefield 1998 MMR autism fraud BMJ 2011 jan 5

• p080 Brian Deer expose in London Sunday Times The doctor who fooled the world 2020 ORDERED

• p081 Wakefield last mainstream appearance Anderson Cooper 360 in 2011

  • appearances now limited to programs like The Alex Jones Show

• p081 Richard Pan California Senate Bill 277 school vaccine requirements

• p084 ReAwaken America Tour conspiracy theories, anti-vaccine

• p085 Of Pandemics, Politics, and Personality Oct 2021

• p086 small percentage of people with a need for chaos
• p087 2021/09, US least vaccinated member of G7; 4% of world's population, 20% of Covid deaths.

• p088 Center for Countering Digital Hate 70% of Twitter antivax misinfo from 12 people or groups

• p089 Robert F. Kennedy Jr.

• p092 Joe Mercola

• p094 Del Bigtree

• p096 Sherri Tenpenny

• p096 Charlene and Ty Bollinger

• p097 Rashid Ali Buttar

• p098 Sayer Ji

• p099 Mike Adams Natural News

• p101 others: Alex Jones, Tucker Carlson / set of Fox News required vaccination

• p101 Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) ... anyone can post the form online, true or false

• p102 Portland anesthesiologist Jim Laidler submitted a report that a vaccine turned him into the Incredible Hulk, later gave his permission to delete the record.

• p103 Robert Malone claims to have invented RNA transfection, but Pubmed shows many more cites for senior author PL Felgner and many others

  • NYT article

• p105 Malone claims COVID vaccine spike protein is cytotoxic, killed 17yo football player Jake West

  • West actually died of an undiagnosed heart condition in 2013
• p106 Malone claims vaccine spike protein fuses to cells; no, protein is locked in pre-fusion state

• p108 Malone claims aspiration necessary, book claims "abandoned in 2016"

  • actually, WHO and CDC stopped recommending aspiration, many nurses continued to do so, but not for the recommended 5 to 10 seconds. 40% reported blood at least once, most often in the dorsal gluteal (15%) and deltoid (12%).
  • Malone isn't proven wrong by this, nor is he proven right.
• p109 Malone claims "experimental" vaccines violate Nuremburg code; no, they were tested and proved safe by 70,000 volunteer test subjects (and billions of patients since)
• p110 Claims of 1 in 1000 severe injury (myocarditis), from a flawed and later retracted paper (actually 32 out of 800,000 )
• p110 COVID a likely cause of severe or fatal myocarditis, vaccines rarely, short-lived, and self-resolving
• p110 Malone falsely cited a Hong Kong study that actually concluded that (rare) vaccine myocarditis was mild, full recovery in days
• p111 Neil Young and Joni Mitchell abandoned Spotify because of Rogan fake information

• p111 250 doctors complained, dismissed by Spotify CEO Daniel Ek

• p111 banned from YouTube and Twitter, Troy Nehls entered Malone interview into Congressional Record

• p112 COVID spike shape unstable; Graham and McClellan added two stiff amino acids

• p112 COVID spike shape inflammatory; Karikó and Weismann replaced uracil with pseudouridine, won 2023 Nobel

• p116 Health officials estimate non-vaccination choices killed 330,000 Americans
• p116 April 2022 Pew Research, 73% Democrats 55% Republicans vaccinated
• p117 Democrat Montgomery County MD 93% vaccinated, eight times lower COVID deaths than 70% vaccinated US
• p117 3x to 8x lower deaths in heavily Democratic counties Dane WI, Multnomah OR, Denver CO, Hennepin MN, Alameda and Santa Clara CA
• p118-128 unnecessary remorseful deaths, fake vaccine cards

• p128 Ed Yong: bad vaccination choices caused by inequity, less doctor and hospital contact

• p129 lack of medical insurance strongest predictor of non-vaccination
• p129 Oldest people most misinformed, but insured by Medicare and highly vaccinated

• p130 Ala Stanford Black Doctors COVID-19 Consortium BDCC testing 12, 150, 500 ... 1000 per day by August 2020

• p131 January 2021 vaccinating hundreds per day, and Vaxathon, 4000 in 24 hours
• p131 BDDC administered 50K vaccinations and 24K tests by August 2021
• p132 Screamer in audience; afterwards organizer says:

• "You know you've gotten to the center of things when you meet the very best people and the very worst people"

• p138 vaccines more effective for long (>14 day) incubation times

  • smallpox, measles, polio long incubations, disease can be eliminated
  • COVID, influenza, RSV, cold viruses short incubations, can circulate for centuries
  • hospital==severe covid, mild anything less / severe almost always requires supplemental oxygen
• p139 virus-specific antibodies (from prior infection or vaccination) in bloodstream key determinant of mild illness

  • antibodies fade away in three to six months, protection against mild illness is ALWAYS short-lived

  • two dose trials with 95% protection because of three month trial period, everyone still had high antibodies

  • Mid 2021 six months after 2nd vaccine dose, mild illness protection declined 95%->50%

  • protection against severe illness high because immunological memory cells (like B cells) are long lived
• p140 T cells recognize COVID parts common to all variants

• p141 Harvard Med immunologistDan Barouch: T cells "the unsung hero of this pandemic"

• p141 huge 7/4/21 gathering 342 vaccinated men developed mild COVID, 4 hospitalized
  • Major CDC communication error: mild or asymptomatic infections mis-described as "breakthroughs"
  • p142 media interpreted "breakthrough" as severe illness
• p142 Another error: 8/18/21 Biden declared booster doses would be available for everyone
  • p143 Israeli research: thousands of Israelis over 70 without booster dose: 7.5% serious disease; with booster 1.5%
  • flawed study, biased: those who chose booster dose were more health-conscious and careful

• p144 "CDC Study" found protection after two doses remained high (VAGUE NO REFERENCE INDICATED)

• p145 2020/Jan: Wuhan-1 ancestral variant in China. All vaccines designed for that
• The first world variant D641G, 10 times more contagious, replaces Alpha
• confusing text, here's a diagram, circa 2022:

• p147 booster doses were protecting the elderly (over 75), people with severe immune deficiencies
• p148 September 2022 booster doses bivalent, Wuhan plus Omicron BA.4/BA.5
• p149 Third communication error: Biden/FDA/CDC assumed bivalent better? Only for higher risk groups.

• p150 Offit 2023: Bivalent Covid-19 Vaccines — A Cautionary Tale

• p151 Some argued Offit dissent emboldened antivaxxers
• p153 People "imprint" on ancestral variant in vaccine, better to leave it out of newer vaccines
• p155 infected cell releases about 100 viruses
• p155 symptoms not obvious until immune system activates
• p156 most contagious a day or two before symptoms begin
• p156 October 1 2020 Trump (74yo overweight) tests positive for Covid
  • Trump waited until he had pneumonia

• p156 Started "Regeneron?" REGEN-COV October 2 admitted to Walter Reed with high fever, dangerously low oxygen, pneumonia

• p157 administered Remdesivir Dexamethasone, considered sedation and ventilator

  • Trump credits Regeneron for survival, but was actually saved by Dexamethasone

• p157 2022 July 21 Biden tests positive, oral Paxlovid, kept working. Advantage: vaccines and prompt action.

• p159 by end of 2022, monoclonal antibodies ineffective against the circulating variants

• p159 Convalescent plasma is polyclonal, product of many (varying?) B-cell clones

• p160 first year fatality rate 30 ppm for children, 3% over 75
• p161 Covid deaths because immune system can cause damage, "culling us from herd" (??)
• p161 Dexamethazone calms immune system, neither "Regeneron" nor remdesivir help late in disease
• p162 Avoid steroids (i.e. dexamethazone) early in infection, can be lethal

• p162 Avoid hydroxychloroquine, causes fatal heart arrhythmias, treats Lupus erythematosus Autoimmune disease

• p163 Ivermectin, an Antiparasitic that treats parasitic infestations like head lice. High dose makes no difference. "Just say neigh to ivermectin." "Ask your large animal veterinarian whether ivermectin is right for you."

• p164 Antibiotics treat bacterial infections, not viral infections.

• p165 Likely future treatments: Antivirals such as Paxlovid and remdesivir,monoclonal antibodies,convalescent plasma

• p168 For cytokine storms caused by overproduction of interleukin 6, the tocilizumab monoclonal antibody treatment.

• p169 Long Covid ... children one month after seeming recovery, MIS-C. By 2022 December 9000 sufferers, 76 deaths, also MIS-A in adults

• p170 affects lungs, abnormal chest X-rays, abnormal EKGs
• p171 Most commonly fatigue (87%), poor concentration, malaise (83%), and weakness
• p171 disturbed sleep (77%), loss of taste and smell for more than two months, mood swings, depression, stress, anxiety, numbness and tingling in the fingers, tinnitus, alternating hot/cold, seizures, headaches, dizziness, blurred vision. memory and concentration defects, hallucinations, psychosis, tremor, brain fog, destruction of olfactory bulb.

• p172 four weeks or longer; 70% > 12 weeks, 50% > year, 20% > 2 years.

• p172 causes: autopsy sometimes shows virus multiplying in many organs
• p173 persistent immune system activation, or small clots that block blood vessels

• p174 Chahinda Ghossein: Covid is not one disease.

• p175 CDC April 2023 estimate 26 million long Covid sufferers, 4 million (2.6% of workforce) had to leave full time jobs
• p175 symptoms are subjective, accusations of malingering
• p176 definitions vary. sufferers feel abandoned, no official help, doctors frustrated
• p177 self-identified long Covid: fewer than 25% tested positive, half never tested, and 25% tested negative
• p177 resembles clinical depression, consequential to public-health restrictions
• p177 disrupted health care systems, delayed diagnosis of type 1 diabetes
• p178 Long Covid avoidance (1) vaccinate, (2) masking and air quality (3) antivirals early in illness
• p180 more new long Covid diagnoses than cancer (2M/y) and diabetes (1.5M/y) for years to come
• p181 46% long Covid for Wuhan-1 strain, 35% for Delta, 14% for Omicron

• p186 nasal spray vaccines might be better, not yet

• p187 shots -> immunoglobulin G (IgG)

• p187 nasal spray also immunoglobulin A (IgA)

• p187 both are short-lifed, fading in months

• p188 Alpha -> Delta -> Omicron, shorter incubation periods

• p188 Vaccine Microarray Patches

• p189 variant-proof? dodged question, but reiterates removal of Wuhan-1 strain from the vaccine
• p189 Vaccine for all future variants?
• p190 Influenza researchers have tried for 50 year, not yet

• p191 pan-coronavirus vaccine research

• p192 Project NextGen announced 2023 April

• p193 Vaccine mandates?
• p194 Is it a constitutional right to catch and transmit a potentially fatal infection?

• p194 Henning Jacobson case

• p195 1905 Supreme Court 7-2 right to refuse vaccination wasn't guaranteed by the Constitution
• p196 1976 measles Alaska, 7400 unvaccinated students barred from school; within a month, only 50 students unvaccinated, measles ended
• p197 1977 measles Los Angeles, 50,000 unvaccinated students barred from school; similar compliance, measles ended
• p197 1971 Texarkana measles: Arkansas required vaccines, Texas did not. 96% of cases in Texas, 4% in Arkansas.
• p197 by 1980, school immunization requirements in all 50 states, measles eliminated in US
• p198 parents fought mandates, by 2023, hundreds of measles cases per year.
• p198 religious exemptions, 48 states by 2009; MS and VA not, highest immunization rates in US
• p200 2015 California Senate Bill 277 eliminated religious exemption, soon Connecticut, New York, Maine
• p200 9 million immune-compromised depend on others vaccinating
• p200 72% of unvaccinated adults would quit if forced to vaccinate
• p201 more than 1000 lawsuits filed against employer mandates
• p201 In reality, mandates worked, very high compliance
• p201 by 2023, 96% immune by vaccination and natural infection, mandates lifted.
• p201 34 states introduced bills that limited vaccine requirements, which might return if new variant emerges
• p202 December 15 2022 DOD mandates removed
• p202-7 School vaccine mandates, Sesame street, freedom of choice ... polio returns
• p210 "natural immunity?" a more accurate term is "survivor immunity"
• p210 Compared to most of Europe, Sweden's death rates better, but 10 times higher than Norway and double Denmark
• p211 Fauci mused that Omicron might be a less-lethal "live vaccine".

• p211 Wong+ 2023jun27 Omicron as lethal as past variants

• p212 "natural immunity is valuable so long as you don't die acquiring it".

• p213 ... SARS-CoV-2 variants 3 mRNA vaccine doses, or two doses plus natural infection -> broad, long-lasting, protective immunity

• p214 does natural infection count as an immunization? Experts split decision.
• p217 book completed June 2023
• p217 SARS-CoV-2 is not avirulent, often lethal. It won't be another "common cold virus"
• p218 how do we protect the elderly, immune compromised, and millions of newborns?
• p218 flu, RSV, etc. kill tens of thousands per year ... except in 2020. COVID could have been MUCH worse,
• p220 Home test kits for all respiratory viruses? Then high risk groups can know how to treat themselves.
• p221 SARS-CoV-2 will continue for decades, all should be vaccinated 3x, or 2x plus infection
• p221 Pregnant people (and babies) more vulnerable, should be vaccinated during every pregnancy
• p221 Mother's antibodies to placenta to baby around 32 weeks gestation, no harm to baby
• p222 fall/winter boosters for (1) immune compromised (2) high-risk (3) older than 75 (4) pregnant
  • not for most, for now; but that might change.
• p224 May 2023, WHO recommends vaccines contain only one Omicron strain
• p225 as of 2023, SARS-CoV-2 doesn't change fast enough to require vaccine changes
• p226 Lesson 1 International surveillance, we can't count on originating nation
• p227 Lesson 2 Be ready, prepare tools in advance for future pandemics
• p228 Lesson 3 Warp Speed Worked (but will corner-cutting go wrong? I say 3a; prepare oversight in advance)
• p228 Lesson 4 Vaccinate the world
• p229 Lesson 5 Help public understand the scientific process, we learn as we go
• p230 Lesson 6 Stop spread of misinformation
• p230 Lesson 7 Grass root campaigns can engender trust
• p231 Lesson 8 Separate politics and science
• p231 Lesson 9 Follow the science
• p233 Lesson 10 Prioritize the most vulnerable (elderly, immune compromised, pregnant)
• p233 Lesson 11 Don't ignore the power of antivirals (i.e. Paxlovid)
• p234 Lesson 12 The cure shouldn't be worse than the disease (i.e. school closures)
• p234 Lesson 13 Don't bypass vaccine advisory committees
• p235 Lesson 14 Improve CDC surveillance systems
• p236 Ignorant courts have left us vulnerable:
  • No mask mandates: CA CT DE FL GA LA MT NM OK SC WV
• p237
  • No vaccine mandates: AZ AR GA FL IN MT NH ND OK TN TX UT
  • Ohio: Not business closures or quarantines
  • One Florida judge: no mask mandates for US travel
  • One Texas judge: no vaccine mandates for federal employees
• p238 Pearl Harbor, Polio Vaccine, 9/11: the US responded.
• p239 COVID: The best of us responded - we can do this, if we tap into the better angels of our nature.