Vaccine Books

Deadly Choices

How the Anti-Vaccine Movement Threatens Us All

Paul A. Offit, M.D. - 2010/2015 PAR 614.47 OFFIT - Cedar Mill Library

Many horror stories about disease, and antivaxxer, media, and government stupidity. Baldfaced antivaxxer lies. Lots of stories about horrid diseases among the unvaccinated, and among the immunologically compromised.

That isn't enough. Telling a person they are wrong doesn't change their mind. Telling them that they have a disease doesn't cure them.

How do we change minds, and shift people towards better understandings of physical (and emotional) reality? Many knowledge heros are mentioned, but not their most effective techniques. How can we amplify the voices of those with powerful stories to tell? How do we outmessage the liars? How do we teach rational thought?

That's a different book.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxsackievirus

As is, the only tool on offer is attrition; average intelligence increases very slightly as each fool and their children die. Wouldn't it be better to help them think rationally? That might also help them get more lucrative jobs, and spend less money on crap they don't need, peddled by the same TV shows that subvert rationality.

The last is the real problem; the purpose of television (and social media) is to make people stupid enough to buy the advertised products. With enough eyes, all the shallow are buggy.

How to Make a Vaccine

An Essential Guide for COVID-19 & Beyond

John Rhodes PhD Immunology / RA644.C67 R48 2021 / PSU Library

• ix Preface 2021 300th anniversary of immunization
• x 2015 First malaria vaccine introduced in Africa
• xi 1918 Monday March 11 Fort Funston KS: company cook Albert Mitchell infirmary sore throat
  • 107 more sick soldiers by noon, 500 by Friday
• xi "some experts"(?) say Haskell County Kansas hog/poultry farms, flu cases in January 1918

  • https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/19292700266

  • Epidemic influenza : a survey Jordan, Edwin O. (Edwin Oakes), 1866-1936. ©1927

    • https://librarysearch.ohsu.edu/permalink/01ALLIANCE_OHSU/19jn9i0/alma999081701858

• xii 1918-19 estimated to have killed 50M people worldwide. most between mid-Sept to mid-Dec 1918
• xiii first flu vaccines 1941, US troops immunized 1945 / polio Salk 1954, Sabin 1959 / measles 1963,1968
  • smallpox Jenner 1721, but late 1600s in China
• p002 mid 2002 Foshan County near Guangzhou, farmer encounters wild civet, index case SARS / Feb 2003 305 cases 5 deaths

  • p006 SARS-CoV traced to specific bat cave in Yunnan Province mountains, 37 miles from Kunming

• p003-5 c1950 Rhodes nearly dies of guinea pig coxsackievirus

more later

• p007 coronaviruses (Co V) cause 20% of colds, rhinoviruses cause 40%.

• p008 CoV imaged and named by virologist June Almieda in 1967, later HIV

• p009 CoV targets ACE2 outside cell membranes of lungs, heart etc. After attaching, fuses with cell membrane and injects viral RNA

• p010 Huanan Market in WuhanMap

• p011 First fatality 2020 January 11. First case in Japan, 1/11, in Korea 1/19
• p011

  The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2 2020 Mar 17 Andersen et al Nature Medicine

  • "not a laboratory construct or purposely manipulated virus"
• p012 50% of spread from asymptomatic individuals. Highest nose/throat levels shortly before symptoms

• p015 diphtheria viral toxinantitoxinantigens antibodies

• p016 Frank Macfarlane Burnet cells with antibodies copy themselves and the antibohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernageldies

• p017 clonal selection

• p018 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter and Gerald M. Edelman find Y shape chemical structure of antibodies

• p020 lymphocyteB cells T cells

• p023 cytokines interferons

• p024 Peter Doherty Rolf M. Zinkernagel

• p025 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases NAIAD

• p025 Charles Kirkpatrick Alan S. Rosenthal Sheldon M. Wolff Charles A. Dinarello Anthony "Tony" Fauci

• p026 Ethan M. Shevach

• p027 T cell mediated immunity depends on thymus lymphoid organ birth through puberty decreases with age, gone by 70

• p027 Jacques Miller thymus and lymphocyte research

• p029 Kitasato Shibasaburō 1853-1931 bubonic plague Susumu Tonegawa 1939- immunology Nobel 1987, andibodies strings of a few units randomly combined into many combinations

• p031 during development, random receptors weeded out for recognition of self or non-binding/too-strong-binding to MHC

• p032 Schiff base

• p033 adjuvants, second signal to T-cells

• p036 Charles Maitland tests smallpox vaccination on 6 prisoners in August 1722 (licensed in 1721, book may be in error)

• p037 Cotton Mather learns of African variolation from slave Onesimus, convinces Boston Dr Zabdiel Boyston to try it.

• p038 Smallpox killed 400K Europeans per year in 1700s

• p039 Edward Jenner vaccinates James Phipps, 8yo son of gardener

• p042 Vaccine voyages, serial transfers of vaccine from passenger to passenger to arrival in western hemisphere
• p042 A royal chartered ship arrived in Caracas with just one boy with live pustules, eventually vaccinating South America
• p043 weakened live vaccine much more effective than nonliving vaccine

• p043 1926 Alexander Glenny, aluminum salt adjuvant in diptheria toxin

• p044 1952 worst US Polio, 60K children infected, 20K paralyzed, 3K dies

• p045 1955 Salk 3 injection killed vaccine, 1961 Sabin live oral vaccine

• p046 Rational empiricism, guts and guesses. Last US polio case in 1979.

• p047 Recombinant DNA Plasmids restriction enzymes

• p048 selection marker antibiotic resistance added to bacteria manufacturing plasmids to fight colds

• p048 vector = carrier | live attenuated vaccine, transferring virus repeatedly until innocuous

• p049 2014 Chinese Ebola vaccine

• p049 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)

• p050 35% mortality, spread by close contact. ChAdOx1 vaccine

• p051 Jon A. Wolff synthesizing mRNA, Stephen A. Johnson gene gun

• p052 author involved with PowderJect injection delivery system

• p054 Six stages of vaccine delivery
  • Stage 1: Research-intensive exploratory
  • Stage 2: Preclinical, tissue culture and animal studies
  • Stage 3: Phase 1 trials, fewer than 150 people, safety testing
  • Stage 4: Phase 2 trials, hundreds of test subjects, efficacy, safety, immune response, schedule, dose
  • Stage 5: Phase 3 trials, tens of thousands of subjects: rare side effects, large population effectiveness
    • best in regions with high infection rates

  • Stage 6: Regulatory Review and Approval, Biologics license application

• p058 1955 Cutter Incident 10 deaths, 200 paralyzed

• p059 Inadequate mixing in fermentation tanks, clumping, failed penetration of virus-killing chemical

• p059 Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System Vaccine Safety Datalink

• p060 Gates Foundation Vaccine Development and Surveillance

• p062 tucaserol forms Schiff bases on sickle-cell hemoglobin enabling oxygen transport

• p064 plasmid DNA production difficult: in 1994 two months to make a gram, pilot plants 100-gram batches

• p067 vaccine options: Inactivated Whole-Virus Vaccines

  • p070 Protein Subunit Vaccines

  • p075 Live Attenuated Vaccines

  • p076 Nonreplicating Viral Vector Vaccines

  • p083 Replicating Viral Vector Vaccines

  • p084 Virus-like Particle Vaccines

  • p085 DNA vaccines

  • p085 RNA vaccines

• p093 Magic bullet Zauberkugel 100% immunity; measles 98%, Salk 60% to 80%

• p094 flu 40% to 60% - SARS-CoV-2 is relatively stable compared to flu
• p097 why not HIV? Virus lives in immune cells, reduces MHC molecules, a dozen subtypes
• p098 "2009 new approach" initial live viral vector HIV vaccine, booster dose HIV proteins plus alum, 31% effect, NO CITE

• p099 U.Pittsburg & Cedar Sinai LA: SARS-CoV2 spikesuperantigen bind to T-cell receptor framework, uselessly activating them, intense inflammation

More Later