note: similar EmbersOfTheHands is also http://gate.kl-ic.com/EmbersOfTheHands
The Viking Heart
How Scandinavians conquered the world
2021 . Arthur Herman . 29 + 484 pages
948.022 HER . Murray Scholls Library
- MAP: Viking voyages, originating in
- southwest coastal Norway to Iceland, England, Ireland, France
- Denmark to Germany, England, France, Spain, Italy
- East coast Sweden to south Finland, Volga to Caspian Sea, Dnieper to Kiev, Black Sea, Constantinople
pxi Preface
- pxv Norsemen genetic melting pot widespread in Europe
pxv Normans descendants of Norsemen, brought science and instruments to northern and western Europe
pxvii A Nation of Immigrants John F. Kennedy 1958 book @PSU
p001 Ch01 - The Wrath of the Norsemen
p003 Swedish raiders up the Volga, settlement at Novgorod
- p005 Only 3% of Norway is arable land, 25% forest, 70% bare mountain ranges
Hardanger Plateau World war 2 drama ... heavy water?
- p005 inland Sweden lakes and forests almost impassable before modern times
- p006 southern Denmark/Jutland infertile barrier southwards
p007 Storegga Slide 6225-6170 BCE
Doggerland land area/bridge between Scandinavia, England, France before 5000 BCE, Rhine and Thames into the same estuary
- p007 Move to farms inland around 4000 BCE, Vikings were mostly farmers
p007 Sami moved north, nomads herding reindeer, neolithic to present
p008 bronze in Scandinavia after 1700 BCE
- p009 vik is Norse for bay or creek
p009 more than Gotland graves shaped like ship
p010 Cimbri moved south towards Roman lands
p011 Scandinavian Goths migrated south along Vistula River Germany
p012 Gauls
p012 vir (man) -> virtus (virtue)
- p013 Tacitus: Germans revered women, advice
p014 Battle of Adrianople 378 AD August
- p014 Constantinople survived but western Roman Empire was conquered by 480 AD
p014 Franks seize northern Gaul, Visigoths seize southern Gaul and Spain, Saxons and Angles seize Britain
p015 Charles Martel stopped the Umayyad invasion of Aquitaine at the Battle of Tours 721 AD
p015 Charlemagne 771 AD
p016 The Song of Roland 11th-century chanson de geste
p017 Danevirke wall protecting Danes from Franks
p017 Hedeby Danish trading village 8th to 11th century
p018 Danish King Godfred 804-810? threatens Charlemagne, assassinated by son?
- p020 Swedish longships up rivers to Kiev and Constantinople
- p020 raiders (even Scots and English) became "Vikings"
- p021 unpredictable raids, retaliation too late
p021 Roman Lutetia predecessor of Paris
p022 Charles the Fat
p022 Viking Easter 845 Siege of Paris
p022 ransom 7000 pounds of silver danegeld
p026 Alfred the Great defended Wessex from Danish vikings
p027 York capital of Viking Northumbria
p029 Danelaw Denelagu English kings allowed loyal Danes their own laws
p030 Ch02 - Being Vikings
- p033 Vikings genetically diverse, some Mediterranean and Middle East ancestry
- p034 Vikings polygamous
p034 littoral
p034 Viking grave goods: bronze Buddha from Kashmir
p035 clinker-built boats, overlapping planks, nail points flattened tight with rove plate
p035 broad beam widest point of hull
p036 Vikings invented keel in 7th century
p036 18 inch draft fully loaded for inland waterways
p037 knarr cargo ship ("freighter") 3 foot draft Skuldelev 1 16 foot beam, 52 foot length, crew of 6 to 8
- p037 turn from piracy to trade and settlement than piracy again
- p037 five month winters
p037 bifringent polarized calcite for sun sighting obscured by clouds
- p038 Vikings farmers and fishermen first, warriors second
- p039 "uluk" for exile? Perhaps útlægð, transcribed poorly
p040 Thing
p041 Iceland Althing est. 930, oldest legislature in the world
- p041 rich or poor, one vote per household
p041 Eiriksgata tour of all households by prospective king
p042 weregeld compensatory damage for injury or killing
- p042 1094 Iceland: 4,560 free men out of 80,000 population
- p043 Viking marriage a business contract with obligations on both parties
p043 Danish daughters inherited half of brother shares, Varend Sweden daughters equal shares
- p044 wife controlled assets when husband absent, parts with husband when she no longer desires him
- p044 older women accumulated status, took over missing or dead husband's role
p045 Shield maidens probably fictional
- p048 Vikings "world leaders" in human trafficking
- p049 Verdun, Magdeburg, Prague slave markets supplied with Viking captives, usually non-Christian Slavs
- p049 Vikings supplied slaves for golden age of Islam
- p050 Viking commerce was mostly slave commerce
- p051 Vikings preferred intimidation to slaughter
p051 berserker irrationally violent
- p052 Viking helmets conical, NOT adorned with animal horns
- p053 most warriors clung to their shields, heroes were a foolhardy minority that caused most of the casualties
- p054 berserker's life relatively short
- p054 leaders, followers, and slaves shared the same shipboard space
- p055 kings were chieftains approved by assembly of other chieftains and warriors
- p055 no dynasties, succession disputes common
p056 Erik Bloodaxe killed five brothers to win throne of Norway, overthrown and exiled by sixth brother
p056 Harald Fairhair first real Norwegian king in 872
- p057 Most early kings mythical
- p058 most kings murdered, only four lived to a natural death
p060 Ch03 - The World the Vikings Made, Part One: From Russia to the British Isles
p068 Rurik 862 Varangian chieftain of the Rus
p070 capture of Armagh
p076 Isle of Man Godred Crovan
- p079 "-by": farm or village . . . "-thorp" or "-thwaite": a clearing . . Scandinavian place names
- p080 more than 600 Viking loan words in modern English
p081 cowrie sea snail shells from Gulf of Aden
p081 Domesday Book Scandinavian peasantry descendants 60% of Lincolnshire, 40% of East Anglia
p083 Danelaw -> English Petition of Right -> US Bill of Rights
p085 Ch04 - The World the Vikings Made, Part Two: Normandy, the Atlantic, and North America
p085 The Saga of King Hakon Hakonarson beyond belief that the land was not subject to some king, as were all others in the world
p087 Rollo's son William Longsword
p086 grandson duke Richard I of Normandy 932-996
p088 map
p089 Ragnar Lodbrok a Viking hero, Swedish and Danish king before 865? 850 to 900?
p090 Harald Finehair 850? – 932? Norwegian King
- p091 accounts of Norway's unification written more than 200 years later, mostly by Icelanders
p091 Erik the Victorious c.945 – c.995, first to be cited by independent sources
p092 Harald Bluetooth of Denmark
p092 Jelling runestones, Christianity
- p094 Snowland ( Iceland ) 850? 860?
p095 Ingolfr Arnarson first Norse settler of Iceland
p095 Reykjavik "smoky bay"
p096 "Landamabok" Landnámabók (Book of Settlements)
p096 Thingvellir site of Althing oldest democracy in the world, 930 to present
p097 thingman icelandic freeman
p097 Njal's Saga
p098 Icelandic skald, Norway court poets
p098 More than 40 sagas
p099 Erik Thorvaldsson c. 950 – c. 1003, known as Erik the Red
p099 Snaefell 1833m stratovolcano in Iceland
p100 narwhal tusk sold as unicorn horn to the gullable.
p103 Little Ice Age 13th to 19th centuries, first Greenland settlements disappear, uncertain history
p105 Ch05 - Twilight of the Gods: Vikings, Kings, and Christianity
p106 Oleg added wheels to ships, assaulting Constantinople over land
p107 Viking soldiers Varangian Guard
p107 Rurik Novgorod
- p108 Germans and Vikings similar pagan pantheon, Odin == Wotan "the furious one", patron god of Berserkers
p109 Poetic Edda no Germanic equivalent
p111 Ragnarok destruction of the gods
- p112 Norse religion: destruction the source of renewal
p113 Eddas -> Wagner'sRing of the Nibelungen Tolkien'sLord of the Rings
- p113 Tolkien founded Viking Club at University of Leeds
p114 hundreds of captives sacrificed routinely at the Upsalla temple complex
- p114 primal Viking heart rejected compassion, sympathy, moral responsibility
- p114 Islamic silver ceased arriving around 965
p115 Prince Vladimir chooses state religion
- Orthodox Christianity, Latin Christianity, Rabbinical Judaism, or Islam
- p115 Drinking is the joy of the Rus, Muslim emisssaries went home, similar for Jewish Khazars. Christian monkish abstinence rejected.
- p115 Viking mercenaries aiding Constantinople impressed by majestic Orthodox festival. Vladimir destroyed pagan statues, baptized 988 February, and marries emperor's daughter
- p116 prosperity and politics converted most of Scandinavia to Christianity
p116 ended expensive wasteful customs of sacrifice and grave goods and wergild
- p117 eventually vendetta, violence, and bloodfeud ended
p117 feudalism feudum = grant of land
p118 four Swedish king "mercenaries" Harald Bluetooth Olaf Tryggvason
p119 Olaf Haraldson
p119 Olaf Skottkonung
p120 Olaf and son Anund Jacob christian but allow pagan sites like Uppsala to remain
- p121 stave churches retained popular pagan decorations and architectures
- p122 Viking sagas endure as popular epics, Lord of the Rings, Star Wars, etc.
- p123 "Christian" King Olaf continued Viking raids across Europe
p124 Olaf and Sven Forkbeard raided England for silver coin
- p125 50,000 English coins dated 980-1051 in Scandinavian coin hoards
- p126 Most of England surrendered to Sven Forkbeard, 158,000 pounds of silver tribute
p126 son Knut / Canute ruled England and Denmark 1018-1035
- p128 Norway, Orkneys, Shetlands, Hebrides, and Greenland after 1028
- p129 Canute gave his kingdom stability and security
- p129 thane: ranks above ordinary freeman and below a nobleman
p130 1026 Battle of Helgeå won Norwegian crown
p131 Ch06 - Conquerors: The Norman Transformation
p133 William the Conqueror duke of Normandy
- p137 fleet invaded England 1066 5000 men with heavy cavalry
p139 Battle of Stamford Bridge 1066 Viking King Harald of Norway defeated by English army under King Harold , "a whole era was over"
p140 housecarls non-servile manservant or bodyguard
p142 William the Conqueror Battle of Hastings 1066
p143 Bayeux Tapestry
- p144 Harold dies from arrow in the eye
- p145 William ... a Norman dynasty of Scandinavian descent
- p145 Harold burial mound ... "ancient Viking ritual" ... citation needed
- p146 William conquers "Romney", Canterbury, Winchester, Surrey, Hampshire, Wallingford, crowned king Christmas Day 1066
- p146 began construction of Tower of London, spent most of his life fighting in Normandy
- p147 Norman noblemen youth sought adventure in southern Italy and Sicily
p149 Ralph de Tosny?// Raoul de Tosny? Roger de Tosny? Some name confusion here, author misspelling?
p151 Richard of Aversa
p151 Capella Palatina in Palermo
p153 Robert Guiscard
p153 Pope Gregory VII
p156 Robert Guiscard
p158 son Bohemund Guiscard
p158 archbishop of Pisa invested Bohemund Prince of Antioch
p159 Harald the Ruthless
- p160 William the Conqueror wounded and died in Rouen in 1087
p162 Ch07 - Vikings into Scandinavians: From Games of Thrones to Mighty Fortresses
p164 Tallinn means "Dane's Town" in Estonian.
p164 Old English closer to Old Norse than modern English
p167 Icelandic Althing chose Christianity by majority vote in 1000AD
- p167 Sagas (more than 40) written down during 7 month winter
p167 Njáls Saga among first Western novels
p168 composed by Snorri Sturluson 1179-1241
p169 Jane Smiley : sagas the best training for novelists
p170 Njal Thorgeirsson
p171 Heimskringla
p171 Norwegian king Haakon IV recruited two former sons-in-law to murder Snorri Sturluson
- p173 no serfdom in Sweden, slavery abolished by 1335
p173 Black Death killed 25% of Europe, also Norway, Denmark, and Sweden
p175 Ulf Gudmarsson wife Brigitte daughter St. Catherine 1332-1381
p175 Brigittines of the Augustinian order
p175 Brigitte's Revelations
p177 Ingeborg Håkansdotter regent mother, on Swedish and Norwegian Councils of State in 1319
p178 Black Death killed 1/3 of Sweden, many in Norway and Denmark
- populations took centuries to grow back
- p179 End of middle ages, peasant-owned land 1/8th of Denmark, 1/4 of Norway, 1/2 of Sweden
- p179 Finns and Swedes learned to collaborate, partnered clearing northern land, later in US
p179 Unification under Queen Margaret of Denmark between 1397 and 1412
p181 founder of Kalmar Union, ruled defacto as regent of grandnephew Erik
p183 Canute the Great 990-1035. King of England, Denmark, and Norway. North Sea Empire
- p183 Successor Erik lacked good judgement
p184 dethroned by Dane, Swede, Norwegian nobility, exiled on Gotland
p184 Gustav Vasa king of Sweden 1523-1560
- p185 factions of nobles, short-term thinking
p187 Martin Luther, Bible and faith alone
p187 Christian II of Denmark 1513-1523, deposed for Frederick I
p188 Swedish Riksdag of the Estates nationalized church lands, adopted Lutheranism, spread through Scandinavia
p189 Translation of Bible to Turku southwestern Finnish spread that dialect nationally
p189 Book of Sirach in Catholic/Orthodox Bibles, not Protestant
- p190 Luther: not monastic retreat, but fulfilling worldly obligations, servant or king
- p190 all callings are equal to God
- p191 Luther "tolerant of capitalism" but not usury/interest
- p191 Lutheran goal betterment of community, not self-betterment
p192 Ch08 - Viking Heart Empire: King Gustavus Adolphus and the Scandinavian Century
p193 Amleth prince of Denmark becomes Shakespeare's Hamlet
p193 Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus "the last Viking"
p194 Learned war science of Dutch commander Maurice of Nassau
p195 Denmark controlled Sound of Øresund and access to the Baltic
p195 ruler of Denmark also duke of Holstein
p195 Peace of Augsburg in 1555
p195 Witchcraft trials mostly in Denmark and Central Europe, few executions in Norway, Sweden, Finland
p196 Malleus Maleficarum Hammer of Witches, few Scandinavian readers, independent women respected
- p201 Swedish military service was part of manhood
- p202 strategy: musketeers blow gaps in enemy lines, cavalry attacks through the gaps
- p203 numerous (9.4 per 1000 men) lighter mobile artillery also overwhelmed opponents
p214 1636 Battle of Wittstock Swedes defeat Imperials
p217 Ch09 - Scandinavians into Americans
p218 Peter Minuit ("minnewit") traded goods worth 60 guilders for Manhattan Island in 1626 (the natives probably didn't understand the deal)
p219 Minuit lost at sea, his ship Kalmar Nyckel and crew return with fortune's worth of tobacco
p220 King Gustavus' daughter Christina reigned from 1632, coronated 1650, spent lavishly, abdicated 1654, kingdom in shambles
- p222 Scandinavian population increases 50%
- hence my Swedo-Finn great-grandparents immigrating to Wyoming in the late 1800s
p223 New Sweden 1638-1655 colony failed, Swedes succeeded and assimilated
p224 Jochem Pietersen Kuyter and Jonas Bronck (→Bronx) in New Netherland
- p232 most 1850s Danish immigrants were Mormons in Utah
p234 John Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum 1867-1941 born Mormon in Idaho
p235 sculpted Mount Rushmore
- p238 Norwegians settled in Wisconsin, trees similar to Norway
p240 Ch10 - "We Are Coming, Father Abraham": Scandinavians in the American Civil War
- p244 Thousands of immigrants joined Union army, including author's great-great-grandfather Iver Jacobsen (Sorlie)
p247 Illinois Western Sharpshooters commanded by Swedish immigrant Colonel John W. Birge
UC Berkeley Physics Birge hall named after Raymond Thayer Birge, son of John Thaddeus Birge
p251 John Dahlgren Dahlgren gun, smoother curve and wider breech minimized explosions
p253 used on USS Monitor designed by John Ericsson
p255 Norwegian immigrant Quartermaster Peter Williams steered Monitor in the Battle of Hampton Roads against the Confederate ironclad CSS Virginia (salvaged USS Merrimack)
p263 Ch11 - "More Wonderful than Riches": American Fever and the Great Migration
- p267 America Not Discovered by Columbus 1874 tract, Mult. Lib. Offsite
p275 Author claims "Hamburger" originated with Jewish immigrant sandwich on Hamburg Line, which gave it's name to the meal CITATION NEEDED
p290 Jacob Riss 1890 How the Other Half Lives
p290 Thorsten Veblen
p291 Theory of the Leisure Class 1899, conspicuous consumption
p292 The Instincts of Workmanship and the State if the Industrial Arts 1914
p295 Ch12 - Land of Wonders: How Two Scandinavian Icons Transformed Jazz Age America
- p295 Disillusioned returning doughboys, war weakened democracy, race riots, depression, Prohibiyion
p296 stopping MS-13 street gang ?
p299 1893 Norwegian immigrant Lars Rokne father of Knute Rockne
p306 Charles August Lindbergh, son of Swedish 1859 immigrant, Minnesota congressman, 1902 father of aviator Charles Lindbergh
p306 1862 uprising of Chief Little Crow
p308 Capper-Volsted Act (not "Carper") exempted farmer cooperatives from the Sherman Antitrust Act
p312 We by Charles Lindbergh
p313 Lindbergh baby kidnapping 1932, murdered and discovered 72 days later
- p314 Lindbergh toured Germany with Göring in 1936
p314 saw advanced aircraft like the Me 109 fighter and Do 17 bomber
- p315 1940 March Atlantic Monthly, (solationism
p317 Winston Groom The Aviators 2013 . BvtnLib 629.1309 GRO
- p318 Wife Anne would rather see America go to war than be "shaken by violent anti-Semitism of the Nazi brand"
- p318 Charles refused to recant, Roosevelt refused Lindbergh service in Army Air Corps (at age 40)
- p319 Lindbergh flew as "technical representative" on 50 Pacific Theater combat missions
p319 Claire Egtvedt father of the Boeing B-17 bomber
p320 and the B-29 bomber
p321 Ch13 - Men at Work: The Viking Heart and American Democracy
p321 Lindbergh critic Gutzon Borglum (p239) also antisemitic ...
- p322 ... but close friend of important Jews
- p324 Hitler destroyed Borglum sculpture of Woodrow Wilson in Poland
- p324 Borglum friendly with Ku Klux Klan Grand Dragon
p326 F. Scott Fitzgerald 1936: "The test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposing ideas in mind at the same time and still retain the ability to function."
- p327 Borglum chose the 4 Mount Rushmore subjects
- p328 Mount Rushmore completed July 1939 for $1M ($24M, inflation to April 2026 dollars)
- p328 Borglum died 1941 March
p329 Charles Sorensen Cast Iron Charlie, Ford Motor Company, sequential machining production, Ford Highland Park Plant
p329 William Knudsen The Great Dane, Ford Motor Company, senior operations manager
p331 Knudsen argued with Henry Ford, fired, then transformed Chevrolet with flexible mass production
- p331 Knudsen president of General Motors 1937 to 1940
- p331 appointed by Roosevelt as Chairman of the Office of Production Management, vastly increased war production
- p332 Knudsen originated "arsenal of democracy" phrase, Roosevelt copied it
- p332 1940-1945 US produced $183B of war material, 2/3 of all Allied production
- 141 aircraft carriers, 807 cruisers and destroyers, 203 submarines, 88K tanks, 257K artillery, 325K aircraft, growing civilian economy
- p334 B-24 half a million parts, 300K rivets of 500 sizes
- p334 decades later, those companies produced COVID ventilators, respirators, test kits
- p334 Freedom's Forge Arthur Herman Bvtn Lib 940.531 HER
p334 Carl Sandburg 1940 Pulitzer for six volume Lincoln biography
p336 hometown Galesburg Illinois sanctuary on Underground Railroad, population 14% African American
- p336 "He is blowing out the moral lights around us, when he contends that whoever wants slaves has a right to hold them" - Lincoln
p337 "Chicago" poem by Carl Sandburg
p343 Norman Borlaug
p344 Borlaug age 2 Marquis wheat 1916 black stem rust
- p344 40 acres, 12,000 plants, picking and husking a million ears of corn, arms raw and bleeding
p345 studied under Elvin Charles Stakman at U Minn
- p346 Borlaug increased Mexican wheat yield from 760 pounds per acre to 2500 pounds per acre in 1968
- "almost triple the harvest" (more than, 3.3 times)
- p346 Nobel Peace prize 1970. Criticized by (less effective) social revolutionaries, cultural activists
p346 Marxist journalist Alexander Cockburn accused Borlaug of mass murder CITATION NEEDED
- p347 people hungry all the time; in 2009, Borlaug said "When I was getting started, you couldn't avoid them"
p348 Ch14 - The Viking Heart Come Home
p349 1863 Denmark annexes Slesvig and Holstein after agreeing not to 11 years earlier
- p350 Denmark lost, 60,000 ethnic Danes displaced, most to Denmark, but thousands to America
- p351 fueled (pessimistic) modernist movement (Ibsen, Strindberg, Brandes, Munch) well into the 20th century
- also fueled Scandinavian abhorrence of war
p353 Dark Age Gaelic poet Ossian forged by Scottish poet James Macpherson
p355 Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig fueled modern Scandinavian Viking mania
p358 Volsung Saga inspires Richard Wagner
p360 inspires English son-in-law race theorist Houston Stuart Chamberlain, "Hitler's John the Baptist", 1899 polemic The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
- p361 "half-Asiatic Jews"
p361 Thule Society 1919-1925
p361 political wing German Workers' Party Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, DAP; absorbed by Nazi party
- p362 During WW1, neutral Scandinavia had unprecedented economic growth, continuing through Great Depression
p363 Affluent Nobel family of moves to Saint Petersburg in 1842 Alfred (born 1833) excels in chemistry
- p364 invents detonator in 1863, blasting cap in 1865, dynamite (sorbents and chemical stabilizers added to nitroglycerine) in 1867
p364 gelignite and ballistite leading to cordite smokeless gunpowder
- p364 Nobel brothers Ludvig and Robert purchase Azerbaijan oil refinery in 1876, growing a global petroleum enterprise
p365 Ludvig launches Zoroaster, first oil tanker in 1878
- p365 55yo Alfred excoriated in premature 1888 obituary, announces Nobel Prizes in 1895
p366 Fridtjof Nansen 1861
- p367 Nansen expedition crosses Greenland icepack on skis August 1882
- p368 Nansen's ship Fram
- p368 1922, Nansen helped repatriate nearly 500K WW1 prisoners, mostly Russian
- p369 1921-22 food relief for nearly 2M Russian civil war refugees, along with Herbert Hoover
- p369 Nansen awarded 1922 Nobel Peace Prize
p372 1936 book Sweden: The Middle Way by US journalist Marquis Childs
p373 Ch15 - The Viking Heart in War and Peace
- p374 Finland given to Romanov Russia in 1809 (not book's 1814), kept Finnish (and Swedish until 1863) language
p375 Russia attacked Finland in 1939 Winter War
p375 Finns invent polttopullo, Molotovin koktaili
- gasoline, kerosene, tar, and potassium chlorate
p375 General Carl Gustav Mannerheim
p375 Finnish motti" (cubic meter of firewood), entrapped enemy, pile of dead Russians, frozen almost at once
p376 Battle of Suomussalmi 48K Soviets vs 17K Finns, 1939 Nov 30 to 1940 Jan 8. Finns won with 2700 casualties, Soviets lost 27000.
p377 Finns eventually lost in March 1940, ceded huge swath of border territory, including the Karelian Isthmus (not peninsula) 400,000 Finns fled west
p379 Norwegian Vidkun Quisling founded https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling and collaborated with Nazi Germany
p380 Norwegian Oscarsborg Fortress artillery detonates German heavy cruiser Blücher in 1940 April 9 Battle of Drøbak Sound
Colonel Birger Eriksen "Either I will be decorated or court-martialled. Fire!"
p381 giving King Haakon and his ministers had time to escape north, and then to Britain
p382 British Navy occupies Faroe Islands 1940 April 12, Iceland May 10.
p382 US Navy took control of Greenland, captured German weather stations three times
- p382 Neutral Sweden traded iron for German coal; 83% of Germany's iron in 1940
- p383 Hitler assures Swedish king Gustav of continued neutrality
- p384 Danes banned Communists and harbored German warships to please Nazis, protected most Danish Jews
- p385 Quisling failed to recruit Norwegians for SS; 1942 announced "NS has so many members now, it doesn't need any more".
- p385 Of 2170 Norwegian Jews, 775 were deported to Third Reich, 742 died in death camps
- p386 Norwegians not good at hating, did not join Nazis or Communists
p387 Norwegian Leif Tronstad reached London 1941 October, described heavy water production at Vemork
p388 Einar Skinnarland radio operator for 1943 sabotage team
- p390 four commandos executed by Nazi physicians, others shot
p390 Operation GUNNERSIDE
- p391 Team given suicide pills; Hitler must never learn why they were there
p392 hiding from Quisling hird militias
- p394 by the middle of 1943, no German industrial leader believed Germany could win
p394 Finn prime minister Gustav Mannerheim turns on Hitler in 1945, drives Germans out of Finland and northern Russia
- p395 Finns laud Mannerheim as national hero
- p395 Danish King Christian did not wear a yellow star, but he agreed with most Danes that Jews are part of "us" (though Danish Nazis were not part of "us").
- p396 1500 Czech, Austrian, and German Jews received Danish residence permits
- p397 Himmler declared martial law in Denmark to round up Jews, individual Danes helped 95% of Jews flee to Sweden
- p398 Swedish diplomats helped Jews escape from Nazi-occupied Hungary
p399 Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg saved tens of thousands of Hungarian Jews from the Nazi death camps
- p400 Wallenberg designed Swedish "Protective Passports"
blue and gold with three crowns on top ... not like this image
- p401 "protected ghettos" by other foreign legations, including Americans
p401 Wallenberg demanded German general Schmidhuber prevent slaughter, successfully
- p401 Wallenberg disappeared 1945 Jan 10, on the way to meet advancing Russians
- p402 Russians may have assumed Wallenberg was American spy; he did work with OSS, getting help wherever he could.
- p403 Sweden was blamed for collaborating with Germany, but they also cared for 180K refugees after WW2
- p404 Swedish social democracy, cultural bonds "dating back to the Viking era" (?)
- p404 Finnish/Danish/Swedish Americans 60%/55%/53% higher standard of living than homeland Finns/Danes/Swedes
- p405 Minimal Scandinavian disruption by COVID-19
p406 Conclusion - The Viking Heart and the Land Beyond
p409 French political scientist Pierre Manent "... a fully human life ... a common life and a community"
p412 Tolkien helped found a "Viking Club" at University of Leeds
- p412 composed poems and songs in Old English, Gothic, and Old Norse
p412 Songs for the Philologists
- p414 Tolkien's trilogy an intellectual antidote to nazification of Norse myth and Viking legacy
- p414 Hitler perverted the noble northern spirit
p414 Lord of the Rings contains key elements of Viking myth and epic, directly from theEddas
p415 Star Wars inspired by Tolkien's Ring
- p416 (bad) analogy to "Silicon Valley". But then, the name "Silicon Valley" is also a bad analogy
- p417 ... epitomize ... a path to happiness
p417 Liv Arnesen and public speaker Ann Bancroft (not actress Anne) first people to cross Antarctica on skis (NOT "on foot")
p417 Greta Thunberg (born 2003) 8 week voyage across the Atlantic in 2019