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.p290 [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Riis | Jacob Riss ]] 1890 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_the_Other_Half_Lives | How the Other Half Lives ]] .p290 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen | Thorsten Veblen ]] .p291 [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Theory_of_the_Leisure_Class | Theory of the Leisure Class 1899 ]], [[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption | conspicuous consumption ]] .p292 ''The Instincts of Workmanship and the State if the Industrial Arts'' 1914 |
note: similar EmbersOfTheHands is also http://gate.kl-ic.com/EmbersOfTheHands
The Viking Heart
How Scandinavians conquered the world
2021 . Arthur Herman . 29 + 484 pages
948.022 HER . Murray Scholls Library
- MAP: Viking voyages, originating in
- southwest coastal Norway to Iceland, England, Ireland, France
- Denmark to Germany, England, France, Spain, Italy
- East coast Sweden to south Finland, Volga to Caspian Sea, Dnieper to Kiev, Black Sea, Constantinople
pxi Preface
- pxv Norsemen genetic melting pot widespread in Europe
pxv Normans descendants of Norsemen, brought science and instruments to northern and western Europe
pxvii A Nation of Immigrants John F. Kennedy 1958 book @PSU
p001 Ch01 - The Wrath of the Norsemen
p003 Swedish raiders up the Volga, settlement at Novgorod
- p005 Only 3% of Norway is arable land, 25% forest, 70% bare mountain ranges
Hardanger Plateau World war 2 drama ... heavy water?
- p005 inland Sweden lakes and forests almost impassable before modern times
- p006 southern Denmark/Jutland infertile barrier southwards
p007 Storegga Slide 6225-6170 BCE
Doggerland land area/bridge between Scandinavia, England, France before 5000 BCE, Rhine and Thames into the same estuary
- p007 Move to farms inland around 4000 BCE, Vikings were mostly farmers
p007 Sami moved north, nomads herding reindeer, neolithic to present
p008 bronze in Scandinavia after 1700 BCE
- p009 vik is Norse for bay or creek
p009 more than Gotland graves shaped like ship
p010 Cimbri moved south towards Roman lands
p011 Scandinavian Goths migrated south along Vistula River Germany
p012 Gauls
p012 vir (man) -> virtus (virtue)
- p013 Tacitus: Germans revered women, advice
p014 Battle of Adrianople 378 AD August
- p014 Constantinople survived but western Roman Empire was conquered by 480 AD
p014 Franks seize northern Gaul, Visigoths seize southern Gaul and Spain, Saxons and Angles seize Britain
p015 Charles Martel stopped the Umayyad invasion of Aquitaine at the Battle of Tours 721 AD
p015 Charlemagne 771 AD
p016 The Song of Roland 11th-century chanson de geste
p017 Danevirke wall protecting Danes from Franks
p017 Hedeby Danish trading village 8th to 11th century
p018 Danish King Godfred 804-810? threatens Charlemagne, assassinated by son?
- p020 Swedish longships up rivers to Kiev and Constantinople
- p020 raiders (even Scots and English) became "Vikings"
- p021 unpredictable raids, retaliation too late
p021 Roman Lutetia predecessor of Paris
p022 Charles the Fat
p022 Viking Easter 845 Siege of Paris
p022 ransom 7000 pounds of silver danegeld
p026 Alfred the Great defended Wessex from Danish vikings
p027 York capital of Viking Northumbria
p029 Danelaw Denelagu English kings allowed loyal Danes their own laws
p030 Ch02 - Being Vikings
- p033 Vikings genetically diverse, some Mediterranean and Middle East ancestry
- p034 Vikings polygamous
p034 littoral
p034 Viking grave goods: bronze Buddha from Kashmir
p035 clinker-built boats, overlapping planks, nail points flattened tight with rove plate
p035 broad beam widest point of hull
p036 Vikings invented keel in 7th century
p036 18 inch draft fully loaded for inland waterways
p037 knarr cargo ship ("freighter") 3 foot draft Skuldelev 1 16 foot beam, 52 foot length, crew of 6 to 8
- p037 turn from piracy to trade and settlement than piracy again
- p037 five month winters
p037 bifringent polarized calcite for sun sighting obscured by clouds
- p038 Vikings farmers and fishermen first, warriors second
- p039 "uluk" for exile? Perhaps útlægð, transcribed poorly
p040 Thing
p041 Iceland Althing est. 930, oldest legislature in the world
- p041 rich or poor, one vote per household
p041 Eiriksgata tour of all households by prospective king
p042 weregeld compensatory damage for injury or killing
- p042 1094 Iceland: 4,560 free men out of 80,000 population
- p043 Viking marriage a business contract with obligations on both parties
p043 Danish daughters inherited half of brother shares, Varend Sweden daughters equal shares
- p044 wife controlled assets when husband absent, parts with husband when she no longer desires him
- p044 older women accumulated status, took over missing or dead husband's role
p045 Shield maidens probably fictional
- p048 Vikings "world leaders" in human trafficking
- p049 Verdun, Magdeburg, Prague slave markets supplied with Viking captives, usually non-Christian Slavs
- p049 Vikings supplied slaves for golden age of Islam
- p050 Viking commerce was mostly slave commerce
- p051 Vikings preferred intimidation to slaughter
p051 berserker irrationally violent
- p052 Viking helmets conical, NOT adorned with animal horns
- p053 most warriors clung to their shields, heroes were a foolhardy minority that caused most of the casualties
- p054 berserker's life relatively short
- p054 leaders, followers, and slaves shared the same shipboard space
- p055 kings were chieftains approved by assembly of other chieftains and warriors
- p055 no dynasties, succession disputes common
p056 Erik Bloodaxe killed five brothers to win throne of Norway, overthrown and exiled by sixth brother
p056 Harald Fairhair first real Norwegian king in 872
- p057 Most early kings mythical
- p058 most kings murdered, only four lived to a natural death
p060 Ch03 - The World the Vikings Made, Part One: From Russia to the British Isles
p068 Rurik 862 Varangian chieftain of the Rus
p070 capture of Armagh
p076 Isle of Man Godred Crovan
- p079 "-by": farm or village . . . "-thorp" or "-thwaite": a clearing . . Scandinavian place names
- p080 more than 600 Viking loan words in modern English
p081 cowrie sea snail shells from Gulf of Aden
p081 Domesday Book Scandinavian peasantry descendants 60% of Lincolnshire, 40% of East Anglia
p083 Danelaw -> English Petition of Right -> US Bill of Rights
p085 Ch04 - The World the Vikings Made, Part Two: Normandy, the Atlantic, and North America
p085 The Saga of King Hakon Hakonarson beyond belief that the land was not subject to some king, as were all others in the world
p087 Rollo's son William Longsword
p086 grandson duke Richard I of Normandy 932-996
p088 map
p089 Ragnar Lodbrok a Viking hero, Swedish and Danish king before 865? 850 to 900?
p090 Harald Finehair 850? – 932? Norwegian King
- p091 accounts of Norway's unification written more than 200 years later, mostly by Icelanders
p091 Erik the Victorious c.945 – c.995, first to be cited by independent sources
p092 Harald Bluetooth of Denmark
p092 Jelling runestones, Christianity
- p094 Snowland ( Iceland ) 850? 860?
p095 Ingolfr Arnarson first Norse settler of Iceland
p095 Reykjavik "smoky bay"
p096 "Landamabok" Landnámabók (Book of Settlements)
p096 Thingvellir site of Althing oldest democracy in the world, 930 to present
p097 thingman icelandic freeman
p097 Njal's Saga
p098 Icelandic skald, Norway court poets
p098 More than 40 sagas
p099 Erik Thorvaldsson c. 950 – c. 1003, known as Erik the Red
p099 Snaefell 1833m stratovolcano in Iceland
p100 narwhal tusk sold as unicorn horn to the gullable.
p103 Little Ice Age 13th to 19th centuries, first Greenland settlements disappear, uncertain history
p105 Ch05 - Twilight of the Gods: Vikings, Kings, and Christianity
p106 Oleg added wheels to ships, assaulting Constantinople over land
p107 Viking soldiers Varangian Guard
p107 Rurik Novgorod
- p108 Germans and Vikings similar pagan pantheon, Odin == Wotan "the furious one", patron god of Berserkers
p109 Poetic Edda no Germanic equivalent
p111 Ragnarok destruction of the gods
- p112 Norse religion: destruction the source of renewal
p113 Eddas -> Wagner'sRing of the Nibelungen Tolkien'sLord of the Rings
- p113 Tolkien founded Viking Club at University of Leeds
p114 hundreds of captives sacrificed routinely at the Upsalla temple complex
- p114 primal Viking heart rejected compassion, sympathy, moral responsibility
- p114 Islamic silver ceased arriving around 965
p115 Prince Vladimir chooses state religion
- Orthodox Christianity, Latin Christianity, Rabbinical Judaism, or Islam
- p115 Drinking is the joy of the Rus, Muslim emisssaries went home, similar for Jewish Khazars. Christian monkish abstinence rejected.
- p115 Viking mercenaries aiding Constantinople impressed by majestic Orthodox festival. Vladimir destroyed pagan statues, baptized 988 February, and marries emperor's daughter
- p116 prosperity and politics converted most of Scandinavia to Christianity
p116 ended expensive wasteful customs of sacrifice and grave goods and wergild
- p117 eventually vendetta, violence, and bloodfeud ended
p117 feudalism feudum = grant of land
p118 four Swedish king "mercenaries" Harald Bluetooth Olaf Tryggvason
p119 Olaf Haraldson
p119 Olaf Skottkonung
p120 Olaf and son Anund Jacob christian but allow pagan sites like Uppsala to remain
- p121 stave churches retained popular pagan decorations and architectures
- p122 Viking sagas endure as popular epics, Lord of the Rings, Star Wars, etc.
- p123 "Christian" King Olaf continued Viking raids across Europe
p124 Olaf and Sven Forkbeard raided England for silver coin
- p125 50,000 English coins dated 980-1051 in Scandinavian coin hoards
- p126 Most of England surrendered to Sven Forkbeard, 158,000 pounds of silver tribute
p126 son Knut / Canute ruled England and Denmark 1018-1035
- p128 Norway, Orkneys, Shetlands, Hebrides, and Greenland after 1028
- p129 Canute gave his kingdom stability and security
- p129 thane: ranks above ordinary freeman and below a nobleman
p130 1026 Battle of Helgeå won Norwegian crown
p131 Ch06 - Conquerors: The Norman Transformation
p133 William the Conqueror duke of Normandy
- p137 fleet invaded England 1066 5000 men with heavy cavalry
p139 Battle of Stamford Bridge 1066 Viking King Harald of Norway defeated by English army under King Harold , "a whole era was over"
p140 housecarls non-servile manservant or bodyguard
p142 William the Conqueror Battle of Hastings 1066
p143 Bayeux Tapestry
- p144 Harold dies from arrow in the eye
- p145 William ... a Norman dynasty of Scandinavian descent
- p145 Harold burial mound ... "ancient Viking ritual" ... citation needed
- p146 William conquers "Romney", Canterbury, Winchester, Surrey, Hampshire, Wallingford, crowned king Christmas Day 1066
- p146 began construction of Tower of London, spent most of his life fighting in Normandy
- p147 Norman noblemen youth sought adventure in southern Italy and Sicily
p149 Ralph de Tosny?// Raoul de Tosny? Roger de Tosny? Some name confusion here, author misspelling?
p151 Richard of Aversa
p151 Capella Palatina in Palermo
p153 Robert Guiscard
p153 Pope Gregory VII
p156 Robert Guiscard
p158 son Bohemund Guiscard
p158 archbishop of Pisa invested Bohemund Prince of Antioch
p159 Harald the Ruthless
- p160 William the Conqueror wounded and died in Rouen in 1087
p162 Ch07 - Vikings into Scandinavians: From Games of Thrones to Mighty Fortresses
p164 Tallinn means "Dane's Town" in Estonian.
p164 Old English closer to Old Norse than modern English
p167 Icelandic Althing chose Christianity by majority vote in 1000AD
- p167 Sagas (more than 40) written down during 7 month winter
p167 Njáls Saga among first Western novels
p168 composed by Snorri Sturluson 1179-1241
p169 Jane Smiley : sagas the best training for novelists
p170 Njal Thorgeirsson
p171 Heimskringla
p171 Norwegian king Haakon IV recruited two former sons-in-law to murder Snorri Sturluson
- p173 no serfdom in Sweden, slavery abolished by 1335
p173 Black Death killed 25% of Europe, also Norway, Denmark, and Sweden
p175 Ulf Gudmarsson wife Brigitte daughter St. Catherine 1332-1381
p175 Brigittines of the Augustinian order
p175 Brigitte's Revelations
p177 Ingeborg Håkansdotter regent mother, on Swedish and Norwegian Councils of State in 1319
p178 Black Death killed 1/3 of Sweden, many in Norway and Denmark
- populations took centuries to grow back
- p179 End of middle ages, peasant-owned land 1/8th of Denmark, 1/4 of Norway, 1/2 of Sweden
- p179 Finns and Swedes learned to collaborate, partnered clearing northern land, later in US
p179 Unification under Queen Margaret of Denmark between 1397 and 1412
p181 founder of Kalmar Union, ruled defacto as regent of grandnephew Erik
p183 Canute the Great 990-1035. King of England, Denmark, and Norway. North Sea Empire
- p183 Successor Erik lacked good judgement
p184 dethroned by Dane, Swede, Norwegian nobility, exiled on Gotland
p184 Gustav Vasa king of Sweden 1523-1560
- p185 factions of nobles, short-term thinking
p187 Martin Luther, Bible and faith alone
p187 Christian II of Denmark 1513-1523, deposed for Frederick I
p188 Swedish Riksdag of the Estates nationalized church lands, adopted Lutheranism, spread through Scandinavia
p189 Translation of Bible to Turku southwestern Finnish spread that dialect nationally
p189 Book of Sirach in Catholic/Orthodox Bibles, not Protestant
- p190 Luther: not monastic retreat, but fulfilling worldly obligations, servant or king
- p190 all callings are equal to God
- p191 Luther "tolerant of capitalism" but not usury/interest
- p191 Lutheran goal betterment of community, not self-betterment
p192 Ch08 - Viking Heart Empire: King Gustavus Adolphus and the Scandinavian Century
p193 Amleth prince of Denmark becomes Shakespeare's Hamlet
p193 Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus "the last Viking"
p194 Learned war science of Dutch commander Maurice of Nassau
p195 Denmark controlled Sound of Øresund and access to the Baltic
p195 ruler of Denmark also duke of Holstein
p195 Peace of Augsburg in 1555
p195 Witchcraft trials mostly in Denmark and Central Europe, few executions in Norway, Sweden, Finland
p196 Malleus Maleficarum Hammer of Witches, few Scandinavian readers, independent women respected
- p201 Swedish military service was part of manhood
- p202 strategy: musketeers blow gaps in enemy lines, cavalry attacks through the gaps
- p203 numerous (9.4 per 1000 men) lighter mobile artillery also overwhelmed opponents
p214 1636 Battle of Wittstock Swedes defeat Imperials
p217 Ch09 - Scandinavians into Americans
p218 Peter Minuit ("minnewit") traded goods worth 60 guilders for Manhattan Island in 1626 (the natives probably didn't understand the deal)
p219 Minuit lost at sea, his ship Kalmar Nyckel and crew return with fortune's worth of tobacco
p220 King Gustavus' daughter Christina reigned from 1632, coronated 1650, spent lavishly, abdicated 1654, kingdom in shambles
- p222 Scandinavian population increases 50%
- hence my Swedo-Finn great-grandparents immigrating to Wyoming in the late 1800s
p223 New Sweden 1638-1655 colony failed, Swedes succeeded and assimilated
p224 Jochem Pietersen Kuyter and Jonas Bronck (→Bronx) in New Netherland
- p232 most 1850s Danish immigrants were Mormons in Utah
p234 John Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum 1867-1941 born Mormon in Idaho
p235 sculpted Mount Rushmore
- p238 Norwegians settled in Wisconsin, trees similar to Norway
p240 Ch10 - "We Are Coming, Father Abraham": Scandinavians in the American Civil War
- p244 Thousands of immigrants joined Union army, including author's great-great-grandfather Iver Jacobsen (Sorlie)
p247 Illinois Western Sharpshooters commanded by Swedish immigrant Colonel John W. Birge
UC Berkeley Physics Birge hall named after Raymond Thayer Birge, son of John Thaddeus Birge
p251 John Dahlgren Dahlgren gun, smoother curve and wider breech minimized explosions
p253 used on USS Monitor designed by John Ericsson
p255 Norwegian immigrant Quartermaster Peter Williams steered Monitor in the Battle of Hampton Roads against the Confederate ironclad CSS Virginia (salvaged USS Merrimack)
p263 Ch11 - "More Wonderful than Riches": American Fever and the Great Migration
- p267 America Not Discovered by Columbus 1874 tract, Mult. Lib. Offsite
p275 Author claims "Hamburger" originated with Jewish immigrant sandwich on Hamburg Line, which gave it's name to the meal CITATION NEEDED
p290 Jacob Riss 1890 How the Other Half Lives
p290 Thorsten Veblen
p291 Theory of the Leisure Class 1899, conspicuous consumption
p292 The Instincts of Workmanship and the State if the Industrial Arts 1914
p295 Ch12 - Land of Wonders: How Two Scandinavian Icons Transformed Jazz Age America
p321 Ch13 - Men at Work: The Viking Heart and American Democracy
p348 Ch14 - The Viking Heart Come Home
p373 Ch15 - The Viking Heart in War and Peace